1.0.16 release refuses to load alongside other dkms modules

[bready2die]

Distribution (run cat /etc/os-release):

 NAME="Pop!_OS"
VERSION="22.04 LTS"
ID=pop
ID_LIKE="ubuntu debian"
PRETTY_NAME="Pop!_OS 22.04 LTS"
VERSION_ID="22.04"
HOME_URL="https://pop.system76.com"
SUPPORT_URL="https://support.system76.com"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://github.com/pop-os/pop/issues"
PRIVACY_POLICY_URL="https://system76.com/privacy"
VERSION_CODENAME=jammy
UBUNTU_CODENAME=jammy
LOGO=distributor-logo-pop-os

Related Application and/or Package Version (run apt policy $PACKAGE NAME):

system76-dkms:
  Installed: 1.0.16~1728590246~22.04~5c774d6
  Candidate: 1.0.16~1728590246~22.04~5c774d6
  Version table:
 *** 1.0.16~1728590246~22.04~5c774d6 1001
       1001 http://apt.pop-os.org/release jammy/main amd64 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status

nvidia-dkms-560:
  Installed: 560.35.03-1pop0~1726601312~22.04~92f4f94
  Candidate: 560.35.03-1pop0~1726601312~22.04~92f4f94
  Version table:
 *** 560.35.03-1pop0~1726601312~22.04~92f4f94 1001
       1001 http://apt.pop-os.org/release jammy/main amd64 Packages
        100 /var/lib/dpkg/status

snd_usb_audio: https://github.com/geoffreybennett/scarlett-gen2/releases/tag/v6.9-v1.3

Issue/Bug Description:
latest recommended kernel (linux-system76/jammy,now 6.9.3.76060903.202405300957172676603522.04~4092a0e amd64)
refuses to load the dkms modules for system76, nvidia, and snd-usb-audio from (https://github.com/geoffreybennett/scarlett-gen2). all of them fail at btf verification.

reinstalling through apt or dkms makes no difference.

it might actually be affecting any kernel module that get compiled locally, as I've been unable to compile snd_usb_audio from scratch lately, but that seems to have something to do with the transition to .zst files. more info about that in geoffreybennett/linux-fcp#25
shot-in-the-dark guess is that there's a mismatch between the kernel headers package and the kernel, but that should be affecting everyone.

full dmesg info is in log.txt
the main offending lines however are here:

[    7.658902] BPF: 	 type_id=1660 bits_offset=0
[    7.658905] BPF:  
[    7.658906] BPF: Invalid name
[    7.658907] BPF: 
[    7.658908] failed to validate module [system76] BTF: -22
...
[   54.075523] BPF: 	 type_id=23 bits_offset=32
[   54.075530] BPF:  
[   54.075531] BPF: Invalid name
[   54.075532] BPF: 
[   54.075535] failed to validate module [snd_usbmidi_lib] BTF: -22
...
[   54.184762] BPF: [140324] TYPEDEF  
[   54.184767] BPF: type_id=7
[   54.184768] BPF:  
[   54.184769] BPF: Invalid name
[   54.184769] BPF: 
[   54.184771] failed to validate module [nvidia] BTF: -22
...
[   54.416344] BPF: [140324] TYPEDEF  
[   54.416348] BPF: type_id=7
[   54.416349] BPF:  
[   54.416350] BPF: Invalid name
[   54.416351] BPF: 
[   54.416354] failed to validate module [nvidia] BTF: -22
...
[   54.667894] BPF: [140324] TYPEDEF  
[   54.667899] BPF: type_id=7
[   54.667901] BPF:  
[   54.667902] BPF: Invalid name
[   54.667903] BPF: 
[   54.667907] failed to validate module [nvidia] BTF: -22
...
[   54.874155] BPF: [140324] TYPEDEF  
[   54.874162] BPF: type_id=7
[   54.874163] BPF:  
[   54.874164] BPF: Invalid name
[   54.874165] BPF: 
[   54.874169] failed to validate module [nvidia] BTF: -22
...
[   64.947233] BPF: [140324] TYPEDEF  
[   64.947237] BPF: type_id=7
[   64.947238] BPF:  
[   64.947239] BPF: Invalid name
[   64.947239] BPF: 
[   64.947241] failed to validate module [nvidia] BTF: -22

Steps to reproduce (if you know):
apt update and apt upgrade all packages to latest versions and reboot.

Expected behavior:
modules should be loading successfully at boot

Other Notes:
running on an oryx 10p