gh-89727: Fix os.walk RecursionError on deep trees (#99803)

Use a stack to implement os.walk iteratively instead of recursively to
avoid hitting recursion limits on deeply nested trees.

Author: jonburdo

Lib/os.py

@@ -340,89 +340,95 @@ def walk(top, topdown=True, onerror=None, followlinks=False):
 
     """
     sys.audit("os.walk", top, topdown, onerror, followlinks)
-    return _walk(fspath(top), topdown, onerror, followlinks)
-
-def _walk(top, topdown, onerror, followlinks):
-    dirs = []
-    nondirs = []
-    walk_dirs = []
-
-    # We may not have read permission for top, in which case we can't
-    # get a list of the files the directory contains.  os.walk
-    # always suppressed the exception then, rather than blow up for a
-    # minor reason when (say) a thousand readable directories are still
-    # left to visit.  That logic is copied here.
-    try:
-        # Note that scandir is global in this module due
-        # to earlier import-*.
-        scandir_it = scandir(top)
-    except OSError as error:
-        if onerror is not None:
-            onerror(error)
-        return
 
-    with scandir_it:
-        while True:
-            try:
+    stack = [(False, fspath(top))]
+    islink, join = path.islink, path.join
+    while stack:
+        must_yield, top = stack.pop()
+        if must_yield:
+            yield top
+            continue
+
+        dirs = []
+        nondirs = []
+        walk_dirs = []
+
+        # We may not have read permission for top, in which case we can't
+        # get a list of the files the directory contains.
+        # We suppress the exception here, rather than blow up for a
+        # minor reason when (say) a thousand readable directories are still
+        # left to visit.
+        try:
+            scandir_it = scandir(top)
+        except OSError as error:
+            if onerror is not None:
+                onerror(error)
+            continue
+
+        cont = False
+        with scandir_it:
+            while True:
                 try:
-                    entry = next(scandir_it)
-                except StopIteration:
+                    try:
+                        entry = next(scandir_it)
+                    except StopIteration:
+                        break
+                except OSError as error:
+                    if onerror is not None:
+                        onerror(error)
+                    cont = True
                     break
-            except OSError as error:
-                if onerror is not None:
-                    onerror(error)
-                return
 
-            try:
-                is_dir = entry.is_dir()
-            except OSError:
-                # If is_dir() raises an OSError, consider that the entry is not
-                # a directory, same behaviour than os.path.isdir().
-                is_dir = False
-
-            if is_dir:
-                dirs.append(entry.name)
-            else:
-                nondirs.append(entry.name)
+                try:
+                    is_dir = entry.is_dir()
+                except OSError:
+                    # If is_dir() raises an OSError, consider the entry not to
+                    # be a directory, same behaviour as os.path.isdir().
+                    is_dir = False
 
-            if not topdown and is_dir:
-                # Bottom-up: recurse into sub-directory, but exclude symlinks to
-                # directories if followlinks is False
-                if followlinks:
-                    walk_into = True
+                if is_dir:
+                    dirs.append(entry.name)
                 else:
-                    try:
-                        is_symlink = entry.is_symlink()
-                    except OSError:
-                        # If is_symlink() raises an OSError, consider that the
-                        # entry is not a symbolic link, same behaviour than
-                        # os.path.islink().
-                        is_symlink = False
-                    walk_into = not is_symlink
-
-                if walk_into:
-                    walk_dirs.append(entry.path)
-
-    # Yield before recursion if going top down
-    if topdown:
-        yield top, dirs, nondirs
-
-        # Recurse into sub-directories
-        islink, join = path.islink, path.join
-        for dirname in dirs:
-            new_path = join(top, dirname)
-            # Issue #23605: os.path.islink() is used instead of caching
-            # entry.is_symlink() result during the loop on os.scandir() because
-            # the caller can replace the directory entry during the "yield"
-            # above.
-            if followlinks or not islink(new_path):
-                yield from _walk(new_path, topdown, onerror, followlinks)
-    else:
-        # Recurse into sub-directories
-        for new_path in walk_dirs:
-            yield from _walk(new_path, topdown, onerror, followlinks)
-        # Yield after recursion if going bottom up
-        yield top, dirs, nondirs
+                    nondirs.append(entry.name)
+
+                if not topdown and is_dir:
+                    # Bottom-up: traverse into sub-directory, but exclude
+                    # symlinks to directories if followlinks is False
+                    if followlinks:
+                        walk_into = True
+                    else:
+                        try:
+                            is_symlink = entry.is_symlink()
+                        except OSError:
+                            # If is_symlink() raises an OSError, consider the
+                            # entry not to be a symbolic link, same behaviour
+                            # as os.path.islink().
+                            is_symlink = False
+                        walk_into = not is_symlink
+
+                    if walk_into:
+                        walk_dirs.append(entry.path)
+        if cont:
+            continue
+
+        if topdown:
+            # Yield before sub-directory traversal if going top down
+            yield top, dirs, nondirs
+            # Traverse into sub-directories
+            for dirname in reversed(dirs):
+                new_path = join(top, dirname)
+                # bpo-23605: os.path.islink() is used instead of caching
+                # entry.is_symlink() result during the loop on os.scandir() because
+                # the caller can replace the directory entry during the "yield"
+                # above.
+                if followlinks or not islink(new_path):
+                    stack.append((False, new_path))
+        else:
+            # Yield after sub-directory traversal if going bottom up
+            stack.append((True, (top, dirs, nondirs)))
+            # Traverse into sub-directories
+            for new_path in reversed(walk_dirs):
+                stack.append((False, new_path))
 
 __all__.append("walk")
 

Lib/test/support/__init__.py

@@ -2178,19 +2178,23 @@ def check_disallow_instantiation(testcase, tp, *args, **kwds):
     testcase.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, msg, tp, *args, **kwds)
 
 @contextlib.contextmanager
+def set_recursion_limit(limit):
+    """Temporarily change the recursion limit."""
+    original_limit = sys.getrecursionlimit()
+    try:
+        sys.setrecursionlimit(limit)
+        yield
+    finally:
+        sys.setrecursionlimit(original_limit)
+
 def infinite_recursion(max_depth=75):
     """Set a lower limit for tests that interact with infinite recursions
     (e.g test_ast.ASTHelpers_Test.test_recursion_direct) since on some
     debug windows builds, due to not enough functions being inlined the
     stack size might not handle the default recursion limit (1000). See
     bpo-11105 for details."""
+    return set_recursion_limit(max_depth)
 
-    original_depth = sys.getrecursionlimit()
-    try:
-        sys.setrecursionlimit(max_depth)
-        yield
-    finally:
-        sys.setrecursionlimit(original_depth)
 
 def ignore_deprecations_from(module: str, *, like: str) -> object:
     token = object()

Lib/test/test_os.py

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 from test.support import import_helper
 from test.support import os_helper
 from test.support import socket_helper
+from test.support import set_recursion_limit
 from test.support import warnings_helper
 from platform import win32_is_iot
 
@@ -1471,6 +1472,46 @@ def test_walk_many_open_files(self):
                 self.assertEqual(next(it), expected)
             p = os.path.join(p, 'd')
 
+    def test_walk_above_recursion_limit(self):
+        depth = 50
+        os.makedirs(os.path.join(self.walk_path, *(['d'] * depth)))
+        with set_recursion_limit(depth - 5):
+            all = list(self.walk(self.walk_path))
+
+        sub2_path = self.sub2_tree[0]
+        for root, dirs, files in all:
+            if root == sub2_path:
+                dirs.sort()
+                files.sort()
+
+        d_entries = []
+        d_path = self.walk_path
+        for _ in range(depth):
+            d_path = os.path.join(d_path, "d")
+            d_entries.append((d_path, ["d"], []))
+        d_entries[-1][1].clear()
+
+        # Sub-sequences where the order is known
+        sections = {
+            "SUB1": [
+                (self.sub1_path, ["SUB11"], ["tmp2"]),
+                (self.sub11_path, [], []),
+            ],
+            "SUB2": [self.sub2_tree],
+            "d": d_entries,
+        }
+
+        # The ordering of sub-dirs is arbitrary but determines the order in
+        # which sub-sequences appear
+        dirs = all[0][1]
+        expected = [(self.walk_path, dirs, ["tmp1"])]
+        for d in dirs:
+            expected.extend(sections[d])
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(all), depth + 4)
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(dirs), ["SUB1", "SUB2", "d"])
+        self.assertEqual(all, expected)
+
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'fwalk'), "Test needs os.fwalk()")
 class FwalkTests(WalkTests):
@@ -1545,6 +1586,8 @@ def test_fd_leak(self):
 
     # fwalk() keeps file descriptors open
     test_walk_many_open_files = None
+    # fwalk() still uses recursion
+    test_walk_above_recursion_limit = None
 
 
 class BytesWalkTests(WalkTests):

Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2022-11-29-20-44-54.gh-issue-89727.UJZjkk.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Fix issue with :func:`os.walk` where a :exc:`RecursionError` would occur on
+deep directory structures by adjusting the implementation of
+:func:`os.walk` to be iterative instead of recursive.