[v23.2.x] demote ERROR message to DEBUG for timequerys at the edge of spillover retention

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #16302 to branch v23.2.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v23.2.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-16302-v23.2.x-655
git cherry-pick -x b34c1148a0277c4a77b5d859344d201a531e1fff 399406b97f21b142ec3603652895a0b54baa626b a28c731c77553d2b52f9c653676da6a271342b8a 9a541f6c741043dd5546b0910f8292d1cc4089cf 4ca728136ff385bebbcdcb9fb8d7f871a1c201c9

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-16302-v23.2.x-655
gh pr create \
  --title "[v23.2.x] demote ERROR message to DEBUG for timequerys at the edge of spillover retention" \
  --base "v23.2.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-16302-v23.2.x-655" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v23.2.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/16302 "