Add API functionality to query if a crate was published to completion

[sebschmi]

Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.
This is motivated by this issue in cargo-release.

cargo-release allows automated publishing of a workspace, but it runs into problems where if two interdependent crates are published too short after each other, the publish might fail.

Say e.g. crate A is to be published with version 1.0.0 and crate B is to be published with 1.0.0 as well, where crate B depends on crate A, version 1.0.0.
If we simply run cargo publish for crate A first, and then immediately after the process terminates run cargo publish for crate B, then then the publish of B might fail because crate A does not exist yet with 1.0.0.

Describe the solution you'd like
Instead of repeatedly trying to publish crate B until it is successful, it would be nice to be able to query crates.io for whatever condition crate A needs to fulfil to have crate B published. Alternatively it would be nice to have the API call that does the publishing only return after crate A is completely published.

Describe alternatives you've considered
Waiting a fixed number of seconds between publishes: Sometimes crates.io takes longer than the constant, and then the second publish still fails. When setting the constant very large, it becomes tedious to wait for publishing a few crates.
Just retrying the publish: While that likely would work, it is not a very nice solution.

[Turbo87]

this seems to be a duplicate of #3512