index.Rmd

--- 
title: "ReCentering Psych Stats"
author: "Lynette H. Bikos, PhD, ABPP (she/her)"
date: "Last updated `r format (Sys.Date(), '%d %b %Y')`" 
documentclass: book
site: bookdown::bookdown_site
bibliography: STATSnMETH.bib #This is my own bibtex file from my Zotero account. If this file is not in the project folder there will be an error and the book will not build.
citation-style: apa-single-spaced.csl #if you want APA style
link-citations: yes
urlcolor: blue #without this the links in the PDF do not show
fontsize: 11pt
geometry: margin=1in
highlight: tango
#DID NOT WORK, BUT DID NOT HURT EITHER I THINK IT NEEDS TO BE CONNECTED TO A PKG
#line-wrapping-in-code: true #wrap overflowing lines in code blocks? 
url: https://lhbikos.github.io/ReCenterPsychStats/ #a link to the GitHub pages where it is rendered
cover-image: images/ReCenterPsychStats-bookcover2.jpg #link to the image for the book which will show up in any previews
description: |
  ReCentering Psych Stats is an open education resource for teaching statistics with the open-source program, R, in a socially and culturally responsive manner. The series provides workflows and worked examples in R and each statistic is accompanied by an example APA style presentation of results. A core focus of the ReCentering series is simulated data from published articles that focus on issues of social justice and are, themselves, conducted in a socially responsive manner. 
github-repo: lhbikos/ReCenterPsychStats

---

```{r, include=FALSE}
options(tinytex.verbose = TRUE)
```


# BOOK COVER {-}

![An image of the book cover. It includes four quadrants of non-normal distributions representing gender, race/ethnicty, sustainability/global concerns, and journal articles](images/ReCenterPsychStats-bookcover2.jpg)
This open education resource is available in three formats:

* Formatted as an [html book](https://lhbikos.github.io/ReCenterPsychStats/) via GitHub Pages
* As a [PDF](https://github.com/lhbikos/ReCenterPsychStats/blob/main/docs/ReCenterPsychStats.pdf) available in the [docs](https://github.com/lhbikos/ReCenterPsychStats/tree/main/docs) folder at the GitHub repository
* As an [ebook](https://github.com/lhbikos/ReCenterPsychStats/blob/main/docs/ReCenterPsychStats.epub) available in the [docs](https://github.com/lhbikos/ReCenterPsychStats/tree/main/docs) folder at the GitHub repository
* As a [Word document](https://github.com/lhbikos/ReCenterPsychStats/blob/main/docs/ReCenterPsychStats.docx) available in the [docs](https://github.com/lhbikos/ReCenterPsychStats/tree/main/docs) folder at the GitHub repository

All materials used in creating this OER are available at its [GitHub repo](https://github.com/lhbikos/ReCenterPsychStats).

As a perpetually-in-progress, open education resource, feedback is always welcome. This IRB-approved (SPU IRB #202102010R, no expiration) [Qualtrics-hosted survey](https://spupsych.az1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0OnBLfut3VIOIS2) includes formal rating scales, open-ended text boxes, and a portal for uploading attachments (e.g., marked up PDFs). You are welcome to complete only the portions that are relevant to you.

Copyright © 2023 by Lynette Bikos
Seattle Pacific University Library, Seattle, WA

ISBN-13:  979-8-9868768-2-5 (Ebook - online); ISBN-13:  979-8-9868768-3-2 (Ebook - PDF); ISBN-13: 979-8-9868768-4-9 (Print)


# PREFACE {-}

**If you are viewing this document, you should know that this is a book-in-progress.  Early drafts are released for the purpose teaching my classes and gaining formative feedback from a host of stakeholders. The document was last updated on `r format (Sys.Date(), '%d %b %Y')`**.  Emerging volumes on other statistics are posted on the [ReCentering Psych Stats](https://lhbikos.github.io/BikosRVT/ReCenter.html) page at my research team's website. 

[Screencasted Lecture Link](https://youtu.be/yy0z85Wla7o)

To *center* a variable in regression means to set its value at zero and interpret all other values in relation to this reference point. Regarding race and gender, researchers often center male and White at zero. Further, it is typical that research vignettes in statistics textbooks are similarly seated in a White, Western (frequently U.S.), heteronormative, framework. The purpose of this project is to create a set of open educational resources (OER) appropriate for doctoral and post-doctoral training that contribute to a socially responsive pedagogy -- that is, it contributes to justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion. 

Statistics training in doctoral programs are frequently taught with fee-for-use programs (e.g., SPSS/AMOS, SAS, MPlus) that may not be readily available to the post-doctoral professional. In recent years, there has been an increase and improvement in R packages (e.g., *psych*, *lavaan*) used for analyses common to psychological research. Correspondingly, many graduate programs are transitioning to statistics training in R (free and open source).  This is a challenge for post-doctoral psychologists who were trained with other software. This OER will offer statistics training with R and be freely available (specifically in a GitHub repository and posted through GitHub Pages) under a Creative Commons Attribution - Non Commercial - Share Alike license [CC BY-NC-SA 4.0]. 

Training models for doctoral programs in health service psychology are commonly scholar-practitioner, scientist-practitioner, or clinical-scientist.  An emerging model, the *scientist-practitioner-advocacy* training model, incorporates social justice advocacy so that graduates are equipped to recognize and address the sociocultural context of oppression and unjust distribution of resources and opportunities [@mallinckrodt_scientist-practitioner-advocate_2014]. In statistics textbooks, the use of research vignettes engages the learner around a tangible scenario for identifying independent variables, dependent variables, covariates, and potential mechanisms of change. Many students recall examples in Field's  [-@field_discovering_2012] popular statistics text:  Viagra to teach one-way ANOVA, beer goggles for two-way ANOVA, and bushtucker for repeated measures.  What if the research vignettes were more socially responsive? 

In this OER, research vignettes will be from recently published articles where: 

* the author’s identity is from a group where scholarship is historically marginalized (e.g., BIPOC, LGBTQ+, LMIC[low-middle income countries]), 
* the research is responsive to issues of justice, equity, inclusion, diversity, 
* the lesson’s statistic is used in the article, and 
* there is sufficient information in the article to simulate the data for the chapter example(s) and practice problem(s); or it is publicly available.  

In training for multicultural competence, the saying, "A fish doesn't know that it's wet" is often used to convey the notion that we are often unaware of our own cultural characteristics. In recent months and years, there has been an increased awakening to institutional and systemic factors that contribute to discrimination as a function of race, gender, nationality, class, and so forth. Queuing from the water metaphor, I am hopeful that a text that is recentered in the ways I have described can contribute to *changing the water* in higher education and in the profession of psychology.


## Copyright with Open Access {-}

Copyright © 2023 by Lynette Bikos
Seattle Pacific University Library, Seattle, WA

ISBN-13:  979-8-9868768-2-5 (Ebook - online); ISBN-13:  979-8-9868768-3-2 (Ebook - PDF); ISBN-13: 979-8-9868768-4-9 (Print)

<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-sa/4.0/88x31.png" /></a>

This book is published under a a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a>. This means that this book can be reused, remixed, retained, revised and redistributed (including commercially) as long as appropriate credit is given to the authors. If you remix, or modify the original version of this open textbook, you must redistribute all versions of this open textbook under the same license: CC BY-SA 4.0.

A [GitHub open-source repository](https://github.com/lhbikos/ReCenterPsychStats) contains all of the text and source code for the book, including data and images. 

# ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS {-}

As a doctoral student at the University of Kansas (1992-1996), I learned that "a foreign language" was a graduation requirement. *Please note that as one who studies the intersections of global, vocational, and sustainable psychology, I regret that I do not have language skills beyond English.* This could have been met with credit from high school, but my rural, mid-Missouri high school did not offer such classes. This requirement would have typically been met with courses taken during an undergraduate program -- but my non-teaching degree in the University of Missouri's School of Education was exempt from this. The requirement could have also been met with a computer language (FORTRAN, C++) -- but I did not have any of those either. There was a tiny footnote on my doctoral degree plan that indicated that a 2-credit course, "SPSS for Windows" would substitute for the language requirement.  Given that it was taught by my one of my favorite professors, I readily signed up. As it turns out, Samuel B. Green, PhD, was using the course to draft chapters in the textbook [@green_using_2017] that has been so helpful for so many. Unfortunately, Drs. Green (1947 - 2018) and Salkind (1947 - 2017) are no longer with us. I have worn out numerous versions of their text. Another favorite text of mine has been Dr. Barbara Byrne's [-@byrne_structural_2016], "Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS." I loved the way she worked through each problem and paired it with a published journal article, so that the user could see how the statistical evaluation fit within the larger project/article. I took my tea-stained text with me to a workshop she taught at APA and was proud of the signature she added to it.  Dr. Byrne created SEM texts for a number of statistical programs (e.g., LISREL, EQS, MPlus). As I was learning R, I wrote Dr. Byrne, asking if she had an edition teaching SEM/CFA with R. She promptly wrote back, saying that she did not have the bandwidth to learn a new statistics package.  We lost Dr. Byrne in December 2020. I am so grateful to these role models for their contributions to my statistical training.  I am also grateful for the doctoral students who have taken my courses and are continuing to provide input for how to improve the materials.

The inspiration for training materials that re*center statistics and research methods came from the [Academics for Black Survival and Wellness Initiative](https://www.academics4blacklives.com/). This project, co-founded by Della V. Mosley, Ph.D., and Pearis L. Bellamy, M.S., made clear the necessity and urgency for change in higher education and the profession of psychology. 

At very practical levels, I am indebted to SPU's Library, and more specifically, SPU's Education, Technology, and Media Department.  Assistant Dean for Instructional Design and Emerging Technologies, R. John Robertson, MSc, MCS, has offered unlimited consultation, support, and connection. Senior Instructional Designer in Graphics & Illustrations, Dominic Wilkinson, designed the logo and bookcover.  Psychology and Scholarly Communications Librarian, Kristin Hoffman, MLIS, has provided consultation on topics ranging from OERS to citations. I am also indebted to Associate Vice President, Teaching and Learning at Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Rajiv Jhangiani, PhD. Dr. Jhangiani's text [-@jhangiani_research_2019] was the first OER I ever used and I was grateful for his encouraging conversation.

The creation of this OER has relied on strong peer and student support. Many thanks to Thane Erickson, PhD for being the first to pilot the resource (and approach to teaching) in his class. Students (both paid and unpaid) have served as editorial assistants in copyediting the text and correcting the text captions. Students who have held the Editorial Assistant role include Chloe Gellhaus, Brooklyn Morrison, Grace Leasure, Sarah Day, Ellie Smith, Tara Shelby, Keyera Gaulden, Kiana Clay, Lexa Gambrill, Ashley Righetti, and Jaylee York.

Financial support for this project has been provided the following:

*  *Call to Action on Equity, Inclusion, Diversity, Justice, and Social Responsivity Request for Proposals* grant from the Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers (2021-2022). 
*  *Diversity Seed Grant*, Office of Inclusive Excellence and Advisory Council for Diversity and Reconciliation (ACDR), Seattle Pacific University.
*  *ETM Open Textbook & OER Development Funding*, Office of Education, Technology, & Media, Seattle Pacific University.

```{r include=FALSE}
# automatically create a bib database for R packages
knitr::write_bib(c(
  .packages(), 'bookdown', 'knitr', 'rmarkdown'
), 'packages.bib')
```