quic_client.rs

//! Simple nonblocking client that connects to a given UDP port with the QUIC protocol
//! and provides an interface for sending data which is restricted by the
//! server's flow control.
use {
    async_mutex::Mutex,
    async_trait::async_trait,
    futures::future::{join_all, TryFutureExt},
    itertools::Itertools,
    log::*,
    quinn::{
        ClientConfig, ConnectError, Connection, ConnectionError, Endpoint, EndpointConfig,
        IdleTimeout, TokioRuntime, TransportConfig, WriteError,
    },
    solana_connection_cache::{
        client_connection::ClientStats, connection_cache_stats::ConnectionCacheStats,
        nonblocking::client_connection::ClientConnection,
    },
    solana_measure::measure::Measure,
    solana_net_utils::VALIDATOR_PORT_RANGE,
    solana_rpc_client_api::client_error::ErrorKind as ClientErrorKind,
    solana_sdk::{
        quic::{
            QUIC_CONNECTION_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT, QUIC_KEEP_ALIVE, QUIC_MAX_TIMEOUT,
            QUIC_MAX_UNSTAKED_CONCURRENT_STREAMS,
        },
        signature::Keypair,
        transport::Result as TransportResult,
    },
    solana_streamer::{
        nonblocking::quic::ALPN_TPU_PROTOCOL_ID, tls_certificates::new_self_signed_tls_certificate,
    },
    std::{
        net::{IpAddr, Ipv4Addr, SocketAddr, UdpSocket},
        sync::{atomic::Ordering, Arc},
        thread,
    },
    thiserror::Error,
    tokio::{sync::OnceCell, time::timeout},
};

pub struct SkipServerVerification;

impl SkipServerVerification {
    pub fn new() -> Arc<Self> {
        Arc::new(Self)
    }
}

impl rustls::client::ServerCertVerifier for SkipServerVerification {
    fn verify_server_cert(
        &self,
        _end_entity: &rustls::Certificate,
        _intermediates: &[rustls::Certificate],
        _server_name: &rustls::ServerName,
        _scts: &mut dyn Iterator<Item = &[u8]>,
        _ocsp_response: &[u8],
        _now: std::time::SystemTime,
    ) -> Result<rustls::client::ServerCertVerified, rustls::Error> {
        Ok(rustls::client::ServerCertVerified::assertion())
    }
}

pub struct QuicClientCertificate {
    pub certificate: rustls::Certificate,
    pub key: rustls::PrivateKey,
}

/// A lazy-initialized Quic Endpoint
pub struct QuicLazyInitializedEndpoint {
    endpoint: OnceCell<Arc<Endpoint>>,
    client_certificate: Arc<QuicClientCertificate>,
    client_endpoint: Option<Endpoint>,
}

#[derive(Error, Debug)]
pub enum QuicError {
    #[error(transparent)]
    WriteError(#[from] WriteError),
    #[error(transparent)]
    ConnectionError(#[from] ConnectionError),
    #[error(transparent)]
    ConnectError(#[from] ConnectError),
}

impl From<QuicError> for ClientErrorKind {
    fn from(quic_error: QuicError) -> Self {
        Self::Custom(format!("{quic_error:?}"))
    }
}

impl QuicLazyInitializedEndpoint {
    pub fn new(
        client_certificate: Arc<QuicClientCertificate>,
        client_endpoint: Option<Endpoint>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            endpoint: OnceCell::<Arc<Endpoint>>::new(),
            client_certificate,
            client_endpoint,
        }
    }

    fn create_endpoint(&self) -> Endpoint {
        let mut endpoint = if let Some(endpoint) = &self.client_endpoint {
            endpoint.clone()
        } else {
            let client_socket = solana_net_utils::bind_in_range(
                IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::UNSPECIFIED),
                VALIDATOR_PORT_RANGE,
            )
            .expect("QuicLazyInitializedEndpoint::create_endpoint bind_in_range")
            .1;

            QuicNewConnection::create_endpoint(EndpointConfig::default(), client_socket)
        };

        let mut crypto = rustls::ClientConfig::builder()
            .with_safe_defaults()
            .with_custom_certificate_verifier(SkipServerVerification::new())
            .with_client_auth_cert(
                vec![self.client_certificate.certificate.clone()],
                self.client_certificate.key.clone(),
            )
            .expect("Failed to set QUIC client certificates");
        crypto.enable_early_data = true;
        crypto.alpn_protocols = vec![ALPN_TPU_PROTOCOL_ID.to_vec()];

        let mut config = ClientConfig::new(Arc::new(crypto));
        let mut transport_config = TransportConfig::default();

        let timeout = IdleTimeout::try_from(QUIC_MAX_TIMEOUT).unwrap();
        transport_config.max_idle_timeout(Some(timeout));
        transport_config.keep_alive_interval(Some(QUIC_KEEP_ALIVE));
        config.transport_config(Arc::new(transport_config));

        endpoint.set_default_client_config(config);

        endpoint
    }

    async fn get_endpoint(&self) -> Arc<Endpoint> {
        self.endpoint
            .get_or_init(|| async { Arc::new(self.create_endpoint()) })
            .await
            .clone()
    }
}

impl Default for QuicLazyInitializedEndpoint {
    fn default() -> Self {
        let (cert, priv_key) =
            new_self_signed_tls_certificate(&Keypair::new(), IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::UNSPECIFIED))
                .expect("Failed to create QUIC client certificate");
        Self::new(
            Arc::new(QuicClientCertificate {
                certificate: cert,
                key: priv_key,
            }),
            None,
        )
    }
}

/// A wrapper over NewConnection with additional capability to create the endpoint as part
/// of creating a new connection.
#[derive(Clone)]
struct QuicNewConnection {
    endpoint: Arc<Endpoint>,
    connection: Arc<Connection>,
}

impl QuicNewConnection {
    /// Create a QuicNewConnection given the remote address 'addr'.
    async fn make_connection(
        endpoint: Arc<QuicLazyInitializedEndpoint>,
        addr: SocketAddr,
        stats: &ClientStats,
    ) -> Result<Self, QuicError> {
        let mut make_connection_measure = Measure::start("make_connection_measure");
        let endpoint = endpoint.get_endpoint().await;

        let connecting = endpoint.connect(addr, "connect")?;
        stats.total_connections.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        if let Ok(connecting_result) = timeout(QUIC_CONNECTION_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT, connecting).await
        {
            if connecting_result.is_err() {
                stats.connection_errors.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
            }
            make_connection_measure.stop();
            stats
                .make_connection_ms
                .fetch_add(make_connection_measure.as_ms(), Ordering::Relaxed);

            let connection = connecting_result?;

            Ok(Self {
                endpoint,
                connection: Arc::new(connection),
            })
        } else {
            Err(ConnectionError::TimedOut.into())
        }
    }

    fn create_endpoint(config: EndpointConfig, client_socket: UdpSocket) -> Endpoint {
        quinn::Endpoint::new(config, None, client_socket, Arc::new(TokioRuntime))
            .expect("QuicNewConnection::create_endpoint quinn::Endpoint::new")
    }

    // Attempts to make a faster connection by taking advantage of pre-existing key material.
    // Only works if connection to this endpoint was previously established.
    async fn make_connection_0rtt(
        &mut self,
        addr: SocketAddr,
        stats: &ClientStats,
    ) -> Result<Arc<Connection>, QuicError> {
        let connecting = self.endpoint.connect(addr, "connect")?;
        stats.total_connections.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        let connection = match connecting.into_0rtt() {
            Ok((connection, zero_rtt)) => {
                if let Ok(zero_rtt) = timeout(QUIC_CONNECTION_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT, zero_rtt).await {
                    if zero_rtt {
                        stats.zero_rtt_accepts.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                    } else {
                        stats.zero_rtt_rejects.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                    }
                    connection
                } else {
                    return Err(ConnectionError::TimedOut.into());
                }
            }
            Err(connecting) => {
                stats.connection_errors.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);

                if let Ok(connecting_result) =
                    timeout(QUIC_CONNECTION_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT, connecting).await
                {
                    connecting_result?
                } else {
                    return Err(ConnectionError::TimedOut.into());
                }
            }
        };
        self.connection = Arc::new(connection);
        Ok(self.connection.clone())
    }
}

pub struct QuicClient {
    endpoint: Arc<QuicLazyInitializedEndpoint>,
    connection: Arc<Mutex<Option<QuicNewConnection>>>,
    addr: SocketAddr,
    stats: Arc<ClientStats>,
    chunk_size: usize,
}

impl QuicClient {
    pub fn new(
        endpoint: Arc<QuicLazyInitializedEndpoint>,
        addr: SocketAddr,
        chunk_size: usize,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            endpoint,
            connection: Arc::new(Mutex::new(None)),
            addr,
            stats: Arc::new(ClientStats::default()),
            chunk_size,
        }
    }

    async fn _send_buffer_using_conn(
        data: &[u8],
        connection: &Connection,
    ) -> Result<(), QuicError> {
        let mut send_stream = connection.open_uni().await?;

        send_stream.write_all(data).await?;
        send_stream.finish().await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    // Attempts to send data, connecting/reconnecting as necessary
    // On success, returns the connection used to successfully send the data
    async fn _send_buffer(
        &self,
        data: &[u8],
        stats: &ClientStats,
        connection_stats: Arc<ConnectionCacheStats>,
    ) -> Result<Arc<Connection>, QuicError> {
        let mut measure_send_packet = Measure::start("send_packet_us");
        let mut measure_prepare_connection = Measure::start("prepare_connection");
        let mut connection_try_count = 0;
        let mut last_connection_id = 0;
        let mut last_error = None;
        while connection_try_count < 2 {
            let connection = {
                let mut conn_guard = self.connection.lock().await;

                let maybe_conn = conn_guard.as_mut();
                match maybe_conn {
                    Some(conn) => {
                        if conn.connection.stable_id() == last_connection_id {
                            // this is the problematic connection we had used before, create a new one
                            let conn = conn.make_connection_0rtt(self.addr, stats).await;
                            match conn {
                                Ok(conn) => {
                                    info!(
                                        "Made 0rtt connection to {} with id {} try_count {}, last_connection_id: {}, last_error: {:?}",
                                        self.addr,
                                        conn.stable_id(),
                                        connection_try_count,
                                        last_connection_id,
                                        last_error,
                                    );
                                    connection_try_count += 1;
                                    conn
                                }
                                Err(err) => {
                                    info!(
                                        "Cannot make 0rtt connection to {}, error {:}",
                                        self.addr, err
                                    );
                                    return Err(err);
                                }
                            }
                        } else {
                            stats.connection_reuse.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                            conn.connection.clone()
                        }
                    }
                    None => {
                        let conn = QuicNewConnection::make_connection(
                            self.endpoint.clone(),
                            self.addr,
                            stats,
                        )
                        .await;
                        match conn {
                            Ok(conn) => {
                                *conn_guard = Some(conn.clone());
                                info!(
                                    "Made connection to {} id {} try_count {}, from connection cache warming?: {}",
                                    self.addr,
                                    conn.connection.stable_id(),
                                    connection_try_count,
                                    data.is_empty(),
                                );
                                connection_try_count += 1;
                                conn.connection.clone()
                            }
                            Err(err) => {
                                info!("Cannot make connection to {}, error {:}, from connection cache warming?: {}",
                                    self.addr, err, data.is_empty());
                                return Err(err);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            };

            let new_stats = connection.stats();

            connection_stats
                .total_client_stats
                .congestion_events
                .update_stat(
                    &self.stats.congestion_events,
                    new_stats.path.congestion_events,
                );

            connection_stats
                .total_client_stats
                .streams_blocked_uni
                .update_stat(
                    &self.stats.streams_blocked_uni,
                    new_stats.frame_tx.streams_blocked_uni,
                );

            connection_stats
                .total_client_stats
                .data_blocked
                .update_stat(&self.stats.data_blocked, new_stats.frame_tx.data_blocked);

            connection_stats
                .total_client_stats
                .acks
                .update_stat(&self.stats.acks, new_stats.frame_tx.acks);

            if data.is_empty() {
                // no need to send packet as it is only for warming connections
                return Ok(connection);
            }

            last_connection_id = connection.stable_id();
            measure_prepare_connection.stop();

            match Self::_send_buffer_using_conn(data, &connection).await {
                Ok(()) => {
                    measure_send_packet.stop();
                    stats.successful_packets.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                    stats
                        .send_packets_us
                        .fetch_add(measure_send_packet.as_us(), Ordering::Relaxed);
                    stats
                        .prepare_connection_us
                        .fetch_add(measure_prepare_connection.as_us(), Ordering::Relaxed);
                    trace!(
                        "Succcessfully sent to {} with id {}, thread: {:?}, data len: {}, send_packet_us: {} prepare_connection_us: {}",
                        self.addr,
                        connection.stable_id(),
                        thread::current().id(),
                        data.len(),
                        measure_send_packet.as_us(),
                        measure_prepare_connection.as_us(),
                    );

                    return Ok(connection);
                }
                Err(err) => match err {
                    QuicError::ConnectionError(_) => {
                        last_error = Some(err);
                    }
                    _ => {
                        info!(
                            "Error sending to {} with id {}, error {:?} thread: {:?}",
                            self.addr,
                            connection.stable_id(),
                            err,
                            thread::current().id(),
                        );
                        return Err(err);
                    }
                },
            }
        }

        // if we come here, that means we have exhausted maximum retries, return the error
        info!(
            "Ran into an error sending data {:?}, exhausted retries to {}",
            last_error, self.addr
        );
        // If we get here but last_error is None, then we have a logic error
        // in this function, so panic here with an expect to help debugging
        Err(last_error.expect("QuicClient::_send_buffer last_error.expect"))
    }

    pub async fn send_buffer<T>(
        &self,
        data: T,
        stats: &ClientStats,
        connection_stats: Arc<ConnectionCacheStats>,
    ) -> Result<(), ClientErrorKind>
    where
        T: AsRef<[u8]>,
    {
        self._send_buffer(data.as_ref(), stats, connection_stats)
            .await
            .map_err(Into::<ClientErrorKind>::into)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    pub async fn send_batch<T>(
        &self,
        buffers: &[T],
        stats: &ClientStats,
        connection_stats: Arc<ConnectionCacheStats>,
    ) -> Result<(), ClientErrorKind>
    where
        T: AsRef<[u8]>,
    {
        // Start off by "testing" the connection by sending the first buffer
        // This will also connect to the server if not already connected
        // and reconnect and retry if the first send attempt failed
        // (for example due to a timed out connection), returning an error
        // or the connection that was used to successfully send the buffer.
        // We will use the returned connection to send the rest of the buffers in the batch
        // to avoid touching the mutex in self, and not bother reconnecting if we fail along the way
        // since testing even in the ideal GCE environment has found no cases
        // where reconnecting and retrying in the middle of a batch send
        // (i.e. we encounter a connection error in the middle of a batch send, which presumably cannot
        // be due to a timed out connection) has succeeded
        if buffers.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }
        let connection = self
            ._send_buffer(buffers[0].as_ref(), stats, connection_stats)
            .await
            .map_err(Into::<ClientErrorKind>::into)?;

        // Used to avoid dereferencing the Arc multiple times below
        // by just getting a reference to the NewConnection once
        let connection_ref: &Connection = &connection;

        let chunks = buffers[1..buffers.len()].iter().chunks(self.chunk_size);

        let futures: Vec<_> = chunks
            .into_iter()
            .map(|buffs| {
                join_all(
                    buffs
                        .into_iter()
                        .map(|buf| Self::_send_buffer_using_conn(buf.as_ref(), connection_ref)),
                )
            })
            .collect();

        for f in futures {
            f.await
                .into_iter()
                .try_for_each(|res| res)
                .map_err(Into::<ClientErrorKind>::into)?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn server_addr(&self) -> &SocketAddr {
        &self.addr
    }

    pub fn stats(&self) -> Arc<ClientStats> {
        self.stats.clone()
    }
}

pub struct QuicClientConnection {
    pub client: Arc<QuicClient>,
    pub connection_stats: Arc<ConnectionCacheStats>,
}

impl QuicClientConnection {
    pub fn base_stats(&self) -> Arc<ClientStats> {
        self.client.stats()
    }

    pub fn connection_stats(&self) -> Arc<ConnectionCacheStats> {
        self.connection_stats.clone()
    }

    pub fn new(
        endpoint: Arc<QuicLazyInitializedEndpoint>,
        addr: SocketAddr,
        connection_stats: Arc<ConnectionCacheStats>,
    ) -> Self {
        let client = Arc::new(QuicClient::new(
            endpoint,
            addr,
            QUIC_MAX_UNSTAKED_CONCURRENT_STREAMS,
        ));
        Self::new_with_client(client, connection_stats)
    }

    pub fn new_with_client(
        client: Arc<QuicClient>,
        connection_stats: Arc<ConnectionCacheStats>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            client,
            connection_stats,
        }
    }
}

#[async_trait]
impl ClientConnection for QuicClientConnection {
    fn server_addr(&self) -> &SocketAddr {
        self.client.server_addr()
    }

    async fn send_data_batch(&self, buffers: &[Vec<u8>]) -> TransportResult<()> {
        let stats = ClientStats::default();
        let len = buffers.len();
        let res = self
            .client
            .send_batch(buffers, &stats, self.connection_stats.clone())
            .await;
        self.connection_stats
            .add_client_stats(&stats, len, res.is_ok());
        res?;
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn send_data(&self, data: &[u8]) -> TransportResult<()> {
        let stats = Arc::new(ClientStats::default());
        // When data is empty which is from cache warmer, we are not sending packets actually, do not count it in
        let num_packets = if data.is_empty() { 0 } else { 1 };
        self.client
            .send_buffer(data, &stats, self.connection_stats.clone())
            .map_ok(|v| {
                self.connection_stats
                    .add_client_stats(&stats, num_packets, true);
                v
            })
            .map_err(|e| {
                warn!(
                    "Failed to send data async to {}, error: {:?} ",
                    self.server_addr(),
                    e
                );
                datapoint_warn!("send-wire-async", ("failure", 1, i64),);
                self.connection_stats
                    .add_client_stats(&stats, num_packets, false);
                e.into()
            })
            .await
    }
}