[toc]
词性缩写:n.
作用:具象地称呼某样东西
词性缩写:pron.
作用:代替名词或名词性短语
- it, one, that的区别和用法
it:特指之前提到的同一个事物(特指同物,可数名词单数) This pen is mine. You can use it.(同一只笔) 表复数时:用they/them These pens are mine. You can use them.
one:泛指之前提到的同类中的任一个人/物(泛指同类不同物,可数名词单数) I've lost my umbrella. I need to buy one.(不是同一把伞) 表复数时:用ones I have a new pen and some old ones.
that:特指之前提到的同类中的特定事物(特指同类不同物,可数名词单数/不可数名词) The umbrella you bought is cheaper than that I bought.(与前面不同的一把伞) The weather in Lanzhou is cooler than that in Sanya.(不同的天气,天气不可数) 表复数时:用those These pictures are more beautiful than those.
词性缩写:num.
作用:数字
词性缩写:art.
作用:加在名词或名词词组前后的a,an, the
词性缩写:adv.
作用:修饰动词,增加别的一些属性,或者增加一些强度,增加一些修饰成分在内
词性缩写:adj
作用:修饰名词,把一个物品形容出来
词性缩写:prep .
作用:无实际意义,用在名词、代词等其他词之间,形成一些结构,或者形成一些语法内容
词性缩写:conj.
作用:把句子、短语、段落连起来,形成一些不同的逻辑关系或语法结构等。
只数连接句子的连词
I came into the woods. I saw many birds.
两句合为一句:
I came into the woods, I saw many birds.(×)
需要加连:
I came into the woods and I saw many birds.(主句+并句) When I came into the woods, I saw many birds.(主句+从句)
- 并列连词:and,but,
- 从属化连词:when,
词性缩写:int.
作用:发出感叹的词,一般用来表达一下情感,放在句子的前面或者后面,一般和句子本身没有什么实际的直接联系
词性缩写:v.
作用:描述某种动作
- 基本成分
- 主语:述说的主体(发出动作或被描述)。
- 谓语:述说主语的动作(承载有时态、语态、情感信息)或状态。
- 宾语:动作对象或介词所联系的对象。
- 补语:补充说明主语或宾语的意义(身份或特征)。
- 表语
- 修饰成分
- 定语:修饰名词。
- 状语
实义动词、系动词
名词、代词、非谓语动词、分词、从句
主语缺失时:
- 用 it 指代
- there be 句型
- 主动变被动
- 加人称代词
名词、代词、非谓语动词、分词、从句,形容词、副词,介词短语
形容词(短语),介词短语,非谓语动词,从句,名词(短语),代词,
副词(短语),介词短语,非谓语动词,从句
-
主语 + 谓语
-
主语+谓语 + 宾语(谓语是有时态的实义动词)
SVO
-
主语+谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语
SVOC
常见动词有buy pass lend give tell teach show bring send
间接宾语一般是人
直接宾语一般是物
-
主语+谓语+宾语+宾补
SVOO
宾补补充说明宾语的特点身份,担任补语的通常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式
- 主语+系动词+表语
(后面只能跟形容词)
表感官:look sound taste smell feel
表变化:get become turn grow fall
表保持:keep stay remain stand
表表象:seem appear
表终止:prove
表状态:be
- 谓语动词:在句子中可以单独作谓语的动词,主要由实义动词充当。有 时&态 的变化。
- 非谓语动词:
- 动名词(doing):表动作、行为事件
- 动词不定式(to do):表将来、目的,不确定
- 分词:
- 现在分词(doing):表主动、进行态,正在……一直……
- 过去分词(done):表被动、完成态,已经……被……
及物动词 Vt
不及物动词Vi(没有被动语态)
表感官:look sound taste smell feel
表变化:get become turn grow fall
表保持:keep stay remain stand
表表象:seem appear
表终止:prove
表状态:be
-
must 表示必须,非要。责任上(强调客观)
-
have to 表示不得不(强调主观)
-
can could 表示能够(能力),可以(允许)
-
may might 表示祝愿,许可(允许),可能 (推测)
-
will would 表示将会(意愿)
-
shall should 表示应该(警告、威胁,命令,法律要求)
- should, ought to 竟然
-
need 表示需要(实义动词时need to do)
-
dare 表示 敢 敢于
【注意】might / would / could 可用在现在,将来的时间上,表示“委婉”。
be:1.帮助构成进行时;2.被动语态
do does did:1.一般现在时、一般过去时的否定和疑问;2.强调谓语;3.倒装句
have has:帮助构成完成时
will:帮助构成将来时
各种时态:时+态(时间承载词(助动词) + 状态词)
Tom doing his homework.
这里的doing不是时态,因为doing只表明状态,缺少时间承载词(助动词),也就是be
。
应该改为:
Tom is doing his homework.
is表示现在进行,是时间。
当出现:
- doing
- done
- to do
其实都不是谓语,它们只是“态”,因为缺少助动词,所以称其为非谓语动词。
- 时间承载词(助动词):
一般 | 进行(be)doing | 完成(have)done | 完成(have)进行(been)doing | |
---|---|---|---|---|
现在do | do | do be = be | do have/has = have/has | do have/has been = have/has been |
过去did | did | did be = was/were | did have = had | did have been = had been |
将来will | will | will be | will have | will have been |
过去将来would | would | would be | would have | would have been |
+do | +doing | +done | +doing |
现在时:do
过去时:did
将来时:will
过去将来时:did will = would
进行态:be
完成态:have
完成进行态:have be = have been
- 状态词(aspect):
一般态:do(动词原形)
进行态:doing(主动/进行)
完成态:done(被动/完成)
完成进行态:be doing
拼写例子:
过去完成时:did have + do
had done
过去完成进行时:did have be do
had been doing
将来完成进行时:will have be do
will have been doing
过去将来完成进行时的被动语态:did will have be be done
would have been being done
【特殊情况】在助动词和状态词中间有状语。
have(状语)done
这个状语只是起修饰成分,但是分割了时态,所以在寻找时不好找。
eg.
have largely done
have in large part done
很大程度上......
谓语动词还是have done(现在完成)
被动done
如果前面的have变成be,那么done就不是表示完成态,而是被动态(be done)。
- 完成态:have done
- 被动态:be done
- 正在被:being done
- 已经被:been done
- 已经正在:been doing
三种基本被动:
- 过去被:was/were done
- 现在被:am/is/are done
- 将来被:will be done
同理,也会出现状语在时态之间: be(状语)done
情态动词 | 含义 | |
---|---|---|
must | 表示必须,非要。责任上(强调客观) | |
have to | 表示不得不(强调主观) | |
can = be able/allowed to | could | 表示能够(能力),可以(允许) |
may = wish | might | 表示祝愿,许可(允许),可能 (推测) |
will | would | 表示将会(意愿) |
would = used to 过去常常 | ||
shall | should | 表示应该(警告、威胁,命令,法律要求) |
we shell征求意见 you/he shell 威胁,警告 |
should = ought to 竟然 | |
need | 表示需要(实义动词时need to do) | |
dare | 表示 敢、敢于 |
【注意】might / would / could 可用在现在,将来的时间上,表示“委婉”。
【词组】
may well 很可能
may as well = had better 最好(还是做某事为好)
can not ... too ... = must 怎么样都不为过
simple must 务必
共性:
情态动词+have done:表推测过去
- 真:
must have done 过去一定
may / might have done 过去可能
couldn't/ can't have done 过去不可能
He must be at home.
- 假:
should have done 应做但未做
would have done 愿做但未做
could have done 能够做但未做
might have done 可能做但未做
我们本来可以参观北京大学的,但我们花了太多时间购物。
We could have visited Peking University, but we spent too much time shopping.
过去的事情(历史)是已经发生过的,是事实,是不可以被假设的。所以如果非要对过去的事情假设,那就是虚拟语气。
现在:if从句(were/did),主句(would/could/might/should)do.
过去完成:if从句(had done),主句(would/could/might/should)have done.
将来:if从句(were to do / should do),主句(would/could/might/should)should do.
- were to do:不可能实现。
- should do:不太可能,但是万一呢,表示希望。
事实:I am not a bird. I can not fly in the sky.
虚拟:I were a bird. I would fly in the sky.
【与事实相反】同if条件虚拟语气:
好像:as if / though + 主句
希望(暗含明知不可能):
wish that + 主句:真希望
If only + 主句:要是……该多好
would rather that + 主句:宁愿
I wish that we were both young again.
I would rather you hadn't told me about the news.
If only I had not lied to my parents.
【与事实相反】代替if条件句的含蓄虚拟语气:
有些句子里,没有if但是有:
- without 没有
- otherwise 否则
- or 否则
- but for 要不是
- but
等,此时可把它们看做虚拟条件句,然后根据时间,选择主句的动词形式。
Without your help, I wouldn't have passed the exam. = If you didn't help me, I wouldn't have passed the exam. =But for your help, I would not have passed this exam.
【还没实现,希望成真】命令建议:
- 坚持:insist
- 命令:order,command
- 建议:advise,consider,suggest,recommend
- 要求:require,request,demand,desire/ask
语态表示主语和谓语动词之间的主动或被动关系的动词形式。
- 主动
- 被动done
如果前面的have变成be,那么done就不是表示完成态,而是被动态(be done)。
- 完成态:have done
- 被动态:be done
- 正在被:being done
- 已经被:been done
- 已经正在:been doing
三种基本被动:
- 过去被:was/were done
- 现在被:am/is/are done
- 将来被:will be done
同理,也会出现状语在时态之间: be(状语)done
科学家表示,化合物有可能致癌。
主动:Scientists say the compound is likely to cause cancer.
科学家表示,癌症可能由于化合物导致。
被动:Scientists say cancer is likely to be caused by the compound.
他们授给他一枚奖章。
主动:They gave him a medal for his wonderful work.
He was given a medal for his wonderful work.
A medal was given (to) him for his wonderful work.
使得主句从句主语保持一致,使用一个主语。
- 连贯性
- 清楚性
- 简洁性
两个主语:Something can destroy a man, but nothing can defeat him.
优化主语为一个:A man can be destroyed but not defeated.
动名词(doing):表动作、行为事件
作主语、表语、宾语、定语。
- eating a apple:吃苹果这个动作做名词
动词不定式(to do):表将来、目的,不确定
动词不定式做后置定语:
a day to remember.
The order to abandon ship was given.
动词不定式做目的状语:
I came into the woods to saw many birds.
不定式(to do) = 情态动词 + 动词原形
must = have to do sth =to do sth
shall / should =ought to do sth= to do sth
may / might = be likely to do sth / be allowed to do sth =to do sth
will / would = be willing to do sth / be going to do sth= to do sth
can / could = be able to do sth/ be allowed to do sth= to do sth
作表语、定语、状语、补语。
- 现在分词(doing):表主动、进行态,正在……一直……
- 主动
- 短时间:正在
- 长时间:一直
- 过去分词(done):表被动、完成态,已经……被……
- 被动
- 已经完成
后置定语:
The boy playing football is my little brother. The paper published in England is under discussion.
伴随状语:
I came into the woods, seeing many birds. 我走进树林,看见许多鸟。 The old man walked in the street, followed by his son. 老人走在街上,他的儿子跟在后面。
名词词组由三个部分构成:限定词+修饰词+名词。
a beautiful girl.
限定词类型:
- 冠词:the;a,an;零冠词;
- 物主限定词:my, your, his, her, our, your, their, one's, its;
- 名词所有格:John's, my friend's;
- 指示限定词:this, that, these, those, such;
- 不定限定词:no, some, any, each, every, enough, either, neither, all, both, half, several, many, much, (a) few, (a) little, other, another;
- 基数词:one, two, first, second;
- 倍数词:double, twice, one-third;
- 量词:a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a good deal of, a small amount of, a good number of;
修饰词一般是形容词。
名词:
- 可数名词
- 不可数名词
- 动名词(事件/动作):smoking, jogging
- 抽象名词(非实物/概念性):beauty, intelligence
- 物质性名词(无法分为个体):water, air, paper
- 专有名词(特定或独一无二):Beijing, Yale University, Mark Twain
I found my letter missing.
我发现我的信丢了。(missing是补语,修饰letter)
I found my missing letter.
我发现了我丢的信。(missing是形容词)
- 形容词
- 副词:副词的位置最好放在要修饰的动词附近,避免出现歧义。
- 介词短语
- 从句
- 不定式
- 分词
限定词+修饰词(形容词性)+名词
中间不能放短语,要么中间放一个单词,要么放一个复合形容词(A-B-C)
复合形容词就是两个或两个以上的词加连字符形成的形容词,通常置于名词前.
-
数词+名词
This is a five-year program. 五年的
-
数词+名词+形容词
A five-year-old boy
-
名词+现在分词
Mary is a girl who likes to break boy's hearts. Mary is a heart-breaking girl.
-
名词+过去分词 Mary is a heart-broken girl.
【技巧】从右往左看 broken heart
-
名词/副词 -(连字符) 分词
一行里面有多个形容词,形容词之间相互比较,
越是相对不变(客观、属性、种类特质)的越靠近名词。
越是相对易变(主观、态度、情感可有可无)的越远离名词。
-
写出两个简单句。
-
找出两个简单句中的比较点。
-
用 more……than(大于) 把两个简单句连接成一个主从复合句。
as……as(等于)
less……than(更小的)
not so……as
not as……as
程度副词……从属化连词
-
省略比较状语从句中的相同的比较点。
-
美化:省略、倒装、换代词。
形容词变级:
- 单音节:-er; -est
- 多音节:more; most
介词短语 = 介词 + 名词词组 = 介词 + 限定词(冠词) + 修饰词 + 名词
可以理解成:从一个介词到一个名词,这之间就组成介词短语。
four hundreds students(×)不是名词词组 four hundred students(√)是名词词组
the flowers shop(×) the flower shop(√)
the sports meeting(√)
冠词:a,an,the
介词:in,on,of
the bird in the tree 树上的那只小鸟 the map on the wall 墙上的地图 the development of China 中国的发展 the standard of living 生活水平 the south side of the Changjiang river 长江南岸 the way to the hotel 去旅馆的路 the life in the future 未来的生活
【注意】专有名词前面不加 the,形成零冠词。但是有的前面加了 the,并不是形容专有名词的,是修饰后面的普通名词的。
介词:in,on,of,at,by,for,because of,without,
- 地点状语: We live in Hangzhou.我们住在杭州。(Hangzhou专有名词)
- 时间状语: She got here at four.她在4点到这儿的。
- 方式状语: They came here by train.他们乘火车来这儿。
- 原因状语: The game was postponed because of rain.因为下雨运动会被推迟了。
- 条件状语: There will be no living things without water.没有水就没有生物。
- 目的状语: He ran for shelter.他跑去避雨。
- 让步状语: They play football in spite of the rain.他们冒雨踢足球。(in spite of尽管)
- 程度状语: To what extent would you trust them?你对他们信任程度如何?
从句 = 从属化连词(引导词) + 主干
-
名词性从句
-
定语从句
-
状语从句
to do sth.
动词不定式做后置定语:
a day to remember.
The order to abandon ship was given.
动词不定式做目的状语:
I came into the woods to saw many birds.
- 过去分词:done
- 被动
- 已经完成
- 现在分词:doing
- 主动
- 短时间:正在
- 长时间:一直
后置定语:
The boy playing football is my little brother. The paper published in England is under discussion.
伴随状语:
I came into the woods, seeing many birds. 我走进树林,看见许多鸟。 The old man walked in the street, followed by his son. 老人走在街上,他的儿子跟在后面。
- 复句:从属,从句;从句在主句中成分。
- 合句:并列
英语句子中逗号隔开的不能是两个句子,要想前后是两个句子,则需要:
1.加入并列连词连接两个并列句
-
常见的并列连词
-
1.表平行 and, not only but also,both and,either or,neither nor
-
2.表转折 but,while,yet,wherea
-
3.表因果 for,so
-
4.表选择 or,whether or
-
5.表递进 then
-
-
与并列连词同意的逻辑关系词
-
1.表平行 similarly,equally,likewise;at the same time,in the meanwhile
-
2.表转折 however,nevertheless,nonetheless,conversely,contrarily,unexpectedly,unfortunatedly;on the contrary,in/by contrast
-
3.表因果 therefore,thus,consequently;as a result,as a consequence
-
4.表选择 alternatively
-
5.表递进 then
-
2.将其中的一个句子变成从句
【注意】只有连词才可以使句子丧失句子独立性,使用,
连接;而想用连接副词,那么就需要用;
分号分隔。
连词 | 连接副词 | 意思 |
---|---|---|
so | therefore, thus | 因此 |
but | however, nevertheless | 然而 |
and | moreover, furthermore, in addition, besides | 况且/再说/此外 |
or | otherwise | 否则 |
I don't like it; besides, it's too expensive. 我不喜欢它,而且也太贵了。
We all tried our best; however, we lost the game. 我们都已尽了最大的努力,不过我们还是输了。
两种情况:
(1)N of A and B of C
AN 和 CB
(2)N of A and B of C
C的AB的N
CAN和CBN
-
词性对称
- 并列连词前后的词性、单复数、时态和语态等必须一致;连词连接三个或三个以上的词时,前面的词用逗号隔开,只需要在最后一个词前加并列连词.
-
结构对称
- 连词所连接的句子结构要保持一致。
省略的成分:
- 省略主谓:并列连词后的主谓和前面的主谓一致,可以将后面的省略;
- 省略主语:并列连词后面的主语和前面的主语一样时可以省略;
- 省略be动词:并列句前后主语不懂,但是几个句子的谓语东西都是be动词,那么此时可以省略be动词;
- 省略重复的成分:并列句前后两个句子出现重复的部分,那么后一个句子可以省略重复的成分,但是没重复的成分要保留。
名词(短语)能的成分:主语,宾语,表语,同位语
从句的定义:引导词+句子
名词性从句就是能够当做名词来使用的句子。
按引导词分三类:
- that:当从句是陈述句时
- that在句中不充当任何成分(句子什么都不缺),没有实意;
- 在不影响句子意思的情况下,宾语从句的引导词that可以省略。
- whether(...or),if:当从句是一般疑问句时
- whether(...or),if在句中不充当任何成分,意思为“是否”;
- whether可以引导所有的名词性从句,if只能引导宾语从句。
- 特殊疑问词:当从句是特殊疑问句时
- 常见的连接副词有:when,where,why,how;
- 在句子中作状语,在从句中既作定语、又表含义。
- 常见的连接代词有:who,whom,what,which,whose。
- who,whom,what,which 在句子中作主宾表;
- whose 在句子中作定语,后接名词连用。
- 这些特殊疑问词一般都有固定的意思,不能省略。
- 常见的连接副词有:when,where,why,how;
引导词出现在句首且和主句的谓语动词之前没有逗号就是主语从句(从引导词到主句谓语动词是主语)
为了避免头重脚轻,主语后置的情况,用it做形式主语(that到从句结束是主语)。
- it is a common knowledge that...
- it is my belief that ... = i think it
- it is self-evident that
- it has been found that
- it is beyond dispute that
- it is universally acknowledged that
- it has been widely accepted that
- it is generally agreed that
实义动词后面为引导词,通常就是宾语从句。
I don't know where the girl lives.
介词之后也可能是宾语从句。
This is different from what you said.
双宾语,宾语后面:
I tell you where the girl lives.
形容词后面:
We are glad that you have come to join us.
形式宾语
l find it easy where the girl lives.
主补语
系动词(is / are)后面有引导词就是表语从句。
【注意】并非所有的系动词都能接从句,能接表从的系V.主要是:
- be
- seem
- look
- appear
- sound
- remain等等。
如果这些用“is”进行替换之后,没有很大的区别,那么就是了。
The question is where the girl lives.
the truth/evidence that......manifests/indicates/suggests that....
定语:修饰名词的成分
定语的成分:形容词,非谓语,名词(短语)(...的等于of ...),介词短语(as...as),从句。
定语从句的两种构成:
- 按先行词
- 按引导词
- 1.当先行是人时:that,who,whom,whose
- 2.当先行词是物时:that,which,whose
- 3.当先行词是时间时:that,when,which
- 4.当先行词是地点时:that,which,where
- 5.当先行词是原因时:that,which,why
-
1.代词(主语、宾语):
-
人:that,who,whom
-
物:that,which(非限制性时候,which前可以有
,
逗号)
-
-
2.副词(在从句中不充当成分):where,when,why
-
3.形容词(在从句中充当定语成分,修饰名词):whose
定语从句的特殊用法:
- that引导宾语从句时,如果在从句中充当宾语,that可以省略
-
限制性定语从句:定语从句紧跟在先行词后,对先行词进行修饰且不能省略,省略后意思不完整:
- 定语不能省略。
-
非限制性定语从句:对前面的先行词或整个句子进行补充说明,既是省略也不影响总体意思,用**逗号(,which)**隔开,非限制性定语从句的特点有两个:
- 可以省略;
- 起到补充说明作用。
-
1.为什么会有“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句
-
1.关系副词在定语从句中做状语成分时,可以使用“介词+关系代词”代替关系副词
-
1.when、where=介词+关系代词
-
2.why=for which
-
-
2.定语从句的谓语动词是固定搭配的“动词+介词”,并且先行词在从句中做宾语
-
3.用于表达与上文中的先行词或者句子的关系,并避免下文与上文的重复
-
-
2.“介词+关系代词”中代词的选择
-
1.修饰人,只能用whom
-
2.修饰物,只能用which
-
3.whose可以用of which/whom 代替
-
3.如何选择介词
-
1.根据谓语动词中的动词来选择,并且要判断“动词+介词”与先行词的逻辑关系
-
2.根据句中从句动词与先行词的逻辑关系来选择
-
3.根据“形容词+介词”与先行词的逻辑关系来解释
-
4.根据先行词与句子的意思确定
-
-
4.固定搭配the same as...和the same...that引导的定语从句
-
5.as和which引导的非限制性定语从句
-
1.相同点:两者都可以引导非限制性定语从句
-
2.不同点:
-
1.as引导非限制性定语从句,位置随便放
-
2.紧跟as后的是be动词;而which后可以用任何类型的动词
-
-
-
6.定语从句中引导词which和that的区别
-
1.用which的情况
-
1.引导非限制性定语从句
-
2.放在介词后作宾语时用which
-
-
2.用that的情况
-
1.当先行词是不定代词much,little,none,all,few,every(thing),any(thing),no(thing)
-
2.当主语以here,there开头时
-
3.当先行词被the only,the same,the very等先行词修饰时
-
4.当先行词被any,few。little,no,all,much,some等词修饰时
-
5.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时
-
6.当先行词是疑问代词who,which,what或主句以这些词为开头时
-
7.当先行词即有人又有物时
-
-
-
7.区分定语从句与同位语从句
- 1.定语从句的引导词that在从句中充当主语或宾语,而同位语从句中that在从句中不做任何成分
-
2.定语从句是对前面名词的修饰,而同位语从句是对前面名词的解释
- 3.定语从句的先行词可以是任何名词,同位语从句的先行词只能是可以解释的抽象名词
-
4.定语从句的的引导词很多,同位语从句的引导词多以that为主
-
形容词(短语)
-
系动词后做表语
-
名词(短语)前作定语
-
宾语后面做补语
-
-
副词(短语)
-
修饰实义动词
-
修饰形容词
-
修饰副词
-
副词修饰整个句子
-
-
状语:在一个句子中修饰实义动词(词组)、形容词(短语)、副词或整个句子的部。
-
1.副词
-
2.副词短语
-
3.介词短语
-
4.分词、不定式
-
5.从句
-
状语从句的构成:
- 引导词+状语从句+,+主句
- 主句+引导词+状语从句
根据引导词的不同,按充当的成分划分不同的状语从句:
引导词:
- 1.名词短语:the moment(一....就),every time(每当),the day(那一天),the instant(当......的时候)
- 2.副词:immediately,directly,no sooner...than,hardly...when,scarcely...when 都表示“一...就“
- 3.普通引导词:when,as,while,once,as soon as,before,after,since,not...until,until/till 等
区别:
-
when,while,as 的区别
-
1.when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性动词,也可以是短暂性动词,表示“当...时”
-
2.while引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性动词,多用于进行时态,表示“在...时”,强调时间段的持续性,也可强调主从句的对比
-
3.as引导的从句的谓语动词是持续性的动词,表示“一边...一边”,一般用于主句与从句动作同时发生的情况;as也可以表示“随着......”
-
-
no sooner ...... than和hardly......when引导的时间状语从句
-
1.含义:表示“一....就”
-
2.时态:主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时
-
3.高级用法:引导时间状语从句时可以使用倒装句式
-
-
when引导的时间状语从句的特殊用法
- 如果从句和主句主语一致,并且从句的谓语中有be动词,那么从句的主句和be动词可以一起省略
-
区分until和not...until
- not...until主句的谓语动词是短暂性动词;until主句的谓语动词是延续性动词
引导词:
-
1.常用引导词:where
-
2.特殊引导词:wherever,anywhere,everywhere
where引导的定语从句与状语从句的区别与转换:
-
1.区别
-
1.where引导状语从句时,where是从属连词,修饰主句的谓语动词,where前面没有表示地点的先行词
-
2.where引导定语从句时,从句修饰先行词,where是关系副词,代表地点的先行词在从句中作地点状语
-
-
2.转换:一般在状语从句前面加“in/at the 具体地点”,就可以将状语从句改写成定语从句
引导词:
-
1.常用引导词:because,since,as,for
-
2.特殊引导词:seeing that,now that,in that,considering that,given that,as much as,so much as(because of,due to,owing to,thanks to,for the sake of,as a result of后面只能加名词)
引导词:
-
1.常见引导词:so that,in order that
-
2.不定式表目的:to,in order to,so as to后跟动词原形(in order to 前后主语一致反之用in order that)
引导词:
-
1.常见引导词:so that,so...that,such...that
-
2.特殊引导词:to the degree that,to the extent that,to such a degree that
so that,so...that,such...that的区别:
-
1.so that可以引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句,引导目的状语从句时,通常和情态动词连用;引导结果状语从句时,则不和情态动词连用
-
2.so...that的用法
-
1.so+形容词/副词+that
-
2.so+many/much/few/little+名词+that
-
3.so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+that
-
-
3.such...that的用法
-
1.such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+that
-
2.such+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词+that
-
引导词:
-
1.常用引导词:if,unless(if not)
-
2.特殊引导词:as/so long as(只要),only if(只要),providing/provided that(假如),supposing(that)(假如),in case that(以防),on condition that(如果)
引导词:
-
1.常用引导词:though,although,even if,even though
-
2.特殊引导词:as,while(虽然,用在句首),no matter(无论),in spite of the fact that(虽然,尽管),whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever
引导词:
-
1.常用引导词:as,as if,as though(似乎好像)
-
2.特殊引导词:the way(方式)
-
3.介词短语:by,through,in...way,in...manner
引导词:
-
1.常用引导词:as,than
-
2.特殊引导词:the more...the more...,more than,more...than...,not so much...as...
-
1.as...as...和...一样
-
2.the more...the more...
-
3.more than的用法:
-
1.后+名词,翻译成“不仅仅是”
-
2.后+形容词,翻译成“非常”
-
3.后+数词,翻译成“多于,超过,比...多”
-
4.后+动词,翻译成“不仅仅是”
-
-
4.not so much as = not even 甚至不/没有
-
5.not so much A as B 与其说A,倒不如说B
-
6.more A than B 与其说B ,不如说A
-
时态:
-
1.主句表示过去的时候,主句与从句都可以使用相应的过去时态
-
2.主句表示将来的时候,主句使用一般将来时,从句使用一般现在时
-
3.主句表示将来完成的时候,主句使用将来完成时,从句要使用现在完成时
- 逗号连接两个句子时,可以将次要的句子转变为分词作状语;
- 如果分词的主语和主句的主语不一致,这种英语语法现象就叫做独立主格;
- 如果分词的主语和主句的主语一致,就叫做非谓语动词做状语。
简化的 词性 要保持一致。
graph LR
a(名词性从句 n.)-->1(动名词 n.) & 2(不定式 n. /adj. /adv.)
b(定语从句 adj.)-->2(不定式 n. /adj. /adv.) & 3(分词 adj. /adv.)
c(状语从句 adv.)-->2(不定式 n. /adj. /adv.) & 3(分词 adj. /adv.)
classDef congjv fill:#f90,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px;
class a,b,c congjv;
classDef jianhua fill:#f9f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px;
class 1,2,3 jianhua;
-
名词性从句(n.)
-
定语从句(adj.)
-
状语从句(adv.)
-
动名词(n.)
-
不定式(n.,adj.,adv.)
-
分词(adj.,adv.)
步骤:
- 将关系代词(that)省略;
- 改变从句的谓语动词
- be + 其他 → 其他
- 情态动词 + do → to do不定式
- 非be,也非情态动词 + 其他 → doing现在分词
China is a developing country which belongs to the third world.
China is a developing country belonging to the third world.
【所以说】同位语其实就是定语从句的名词补语。
-
主语从句(that引导词作主语)→ 动名词。
-
直接用动名词的复合结构(他的doing)来代替主语从句,放在句首作主语。
-
That he lost the game came as a surprise to everybody.
His losing the game came as a surprise to everybody.
-
-
名词+that同位语从句 → 动名词。
-
名词 + of + 动名词的复合结构(他doing)
-
There was no chance that Davy would come from the battle alive.
There was no chance of Davy coming from the battle alive.
-
-
宾语从句(that引导词作宾语)→ 动名词(doing)、不定式(to do)
-
I hope that I can drive to work in my own car.(这里 I 和前面一样,所以可以省略) l hope to drive to work in my own car.
I would like that you can go to the concert with me.(这里是 you 和前面 I 不一样,所以不省略) I would like you to go to the concert with me.
I dislike that I am kept waiting. I dislike being kept waiting.
-
-
疑问 → 引导词 + to do不定式
-
whether,if
-
She can't decide whether she should go with him or stay home. She can't decide whether to go with him or stay home.
-
-
特殊疑问
-
I don't know what I should do. l don't know what to do.
Please tell me how I can get to the bus station. Please tell me how to get to the bus station.
-
-
简化条件:主语是否一致。状语从句的主语 = 主干的主语
步骤:
- 自我确定是否省略状语从句的连接词(留下比较清楚,不留比较简);
- 将状语从句的主语省略;
- 改变从句的谓语动词(这部分和定语从句一致)
- be + 其他 → 其他
- 情态动词 + do → to do不定式
- 非be,也非情态动词 + 其他 → doing现在分词
主语一致:
When I returned home, I found that I had left my key in the office.
When returning home, I found that I had left my key in the office. 或:Returning home, I found that I had left my key in the office.
主语不一致:(主语不能省略)
I turned off the TV in order that my roommate could study in peace and quiet.(in order是目的状语)
I turned off the TV in order for my roommate to study in peace and quiet.(for引出逻辑主语)
- It is / was + 被强调部分 + that / who / whom(强调主语且主语指人可用who,强调宾语且宾语指人可用whom)+ 其他部分
It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.
It was Li Ping that he met yesterday.
It is I who / that am right.
- It is / was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其他部分
普通句:He didn't go to bed until/ till ten o'clock.
强调句:It was not until ten o'clock that he went to bed.
倒装句:Not until ten o'clock did he go to bed.
Is / Was it + 被强调部分 + that / who / whom + 其他部分
Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?
Was it Li Ping that he met yesterday?
疑问词 + is / was it + that / who / whom + 其他部分
When was it that he met Li Ping?
Who was it that he met yesterday?
-
1.否定词在句首的倒装
-
2.so(表肯定),nor/neither(表否定)位于句首,表明承前句子的肯定或否定时用倒装
-
3.含有so...that...结构的句子将so引导的部分置于句首时使用倒装
-
4.“only+状语”位于句首时用倒装
-
5.as引导让步状语从句,从句的表语可以放在句首构成倒装
-
6.省略if的虚拟语气用倒装
当表示与事实相反的或虚假的、难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气。有时表示主观愿望、建议或某种特殊情感时,也用虚拟语气。
-
一般用法:if引导的所有条件状语从句都可以改写成虚拟语气,只需要将句子的时态变成过去时
-
1.对现在和将来的虚拟:主句用“would do”;从句用一般过去时
- 2.对过去的虚拟:主句用“could have done”,从句用过去完成时
-
-
特殊用法:
-
1.以下情况用“should + 动词原形”表示虚拟,并且should可以省略
-
1.以防:in case that,for fear that,lest
-
2.“命”(命令):order,direct,command
-
3.“贱”(建议):suggest,advise,propose
-
4.要求:ask,request,require,demand
-
5.用虚拟
-
6.是必要/紧急的:It is necessary/important/urgent that...
-
-
2.以下情况从句用过去时表示虚拟
-
1.would rather 宁愿...
-
2.It is high time that...是时候...
-
-
3.以下情况需要区别对待
-
常见词有:wish,if only(如果...该多好阿),but for(否则),or/otherwise,as if/as though(好像)(把本来的时态变成相应的过去时,情况类似于if条件句变虚拟语气)
-
4.虚拟语气的倒装:如果从句中有were/had/should,可以省略if,用倒装句式“were/had/should+主语”
-
-
- 副词作插入语:
undoubtedly,indeed,surely,obviously,briefly,actually,furthermore,besides,additionally,similarly,exactly
- 介词短语做插入语:
for my part,from my perspective,in short,on the contrary,in others words,in a/some sense,in general,in one's opinion,in conclusion,in reality,as a matter if fact,in addition,in return,as a consequence/result
- 不定式短语作插入语:
to be frank,to tell you the truth,to be honest,to be sure,to make the matter worse
- 分句作插入语:
I believe,I suppose,I'm afraid,what's more,you know,that is (to say),as far as i know,as far as i'm concerned,believe it or not
- 现在分词短语作插入语:
honestly speaking,generally speaking,strictly speaking