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Hello everyone.
My name is Paul and I'm from Canada.

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Oh Shit.
Yeah.

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Hello everyone.
Welcome to the Lange Focus Channel and 

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my name is Paul.
Today we'll be going way back to see how

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we're all connected.
Well,

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not all of us,
but about half of us.

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Around 46% of the people on Earth speak 
an Indo European language as their 

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native language throughout Europe,
South Asia,

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the Americas and beyond.
The Indo European language family 

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contains languages as diverse as 
English,

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Hindi,
Persian,

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Russian,
Armenian,

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and Greek languages,
which on the surface may seem to have 

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nothing in common,
but they actually do all Indo European 

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languages developed from Prodo Indo 
European.

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According to the most widely accepted 
theory prodo Indo European was spoken 

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around 6,500
years ago on the Eurasian Steppe of 

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eastern Ukraine,
southern Russia,

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and the Caucasus.
The Indo Europeans were the first or 

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among the first people to domesticate 
horses,

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which greatly increased their ability to
travel and migrate over the following 

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three Millennia.

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Indo European people migrated far and 
wide,

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conquering new lands on horseback and 
bringing their language with them as it 

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developed into different varieties,
which eventually grew into different 

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branches of the Indo European language 
family.

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The Indo Europeans first migrated into 
Europe,

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Anatolia,
and Central Asia.

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Then later into northern India and Iran.
As migration continued deeper into 

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Europe and Central Asia.
There's an alternate theory based more 

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on archeological evidence that suggests 
that the Indo European languages began 

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in Anatolia several thousand years 
earlier and spread with the expansion of

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agriculture.
There are no written records of Prodo 

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Indo European and it's early offshoots,
so the best we can do is to theorize and

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imagine.
However they happened to take place 

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during these migrations,
Prodo Indo European split into numerous 

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different languages which would 
gradually developed into entire branches

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of the Indo European language family.
Those branches are and a Anatolian,

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which is now extinct,
tow Korean,

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which is also extinct Italia and Celtic,
which may share a common he tello,

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Celtic ancestor,
Armenian and Albanian,

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which each consists of just one language
as far as we know,

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Hellenic Germanic,
Balto,

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Slavic,
which split into the Baltic and Slavic 

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branches and into Iranian,
which split into the ironic and indic 

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branches.

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All of these branches and their 
individual languages have been 

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developing in different regions with 
different influences for thousands of 

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years,
so they are now very different from each

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other,
but through comparative study we can see

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that Indo European languages share a 
common word stock as well as some 

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phonetic.
Again,

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historically speaking,
some grammatical tendencies.

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There are a significant number of 
cognitive words in Indo European 

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languages.
By the way,

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the word cognate comes from Latin 
[inaudible],

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which means born together.
These words were indeed born together in

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Prato Indo Europeans,
and if we're aware of the sound changes 

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that have taken place,
we can identify cognates.

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For instance,
the word meaning bear or carry.

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In Sanskrit,
it's the hod.

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In Greek,
it's pad.

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In modern Greek.
This might be pronounced like an f 

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sound,
but in ancient Greek it was actually an 

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aspirated pup sound.
In Latin,

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it's fed in Gothic,
it's by it.

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In old English,
it's bad.

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They all come from Prodo Indo European 
by head,

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and my pronunciation of these different 
languages is probably not perfect,

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but I'm just giving it a shot myself.
I should point out that the Prodo Indo 

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European words are theoretical 
reconstructions and that there's no way 

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of knowing for sure what they sounded 
like,

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but these words here are fairly 
recognizable.

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Some are a little less recognizable.
In English,

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we have the word work,
which comes from old English.

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We had a,
and in modern Greek,

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the word for work is edit goal,
which was Aragon in ancient Greek and in

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some texts there was an alternate form 
whether gone,

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they both stem from the pro Indo 
European word,

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wedding film Indo European languages can
be divided into two classes,

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the chem tomb languages and the sultan 
languages.

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[inaudible] is the word for 100 in 
Avastin,

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an ancient Iranian language.

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Centum is the word for 100 in Latin.
These two words illustrate a sound shift

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that occurred in Indo European 
languages.

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Prodo Indo European had a palatalized k 
sound that was distinct from the regular

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vilar k sound,
a palatalized consonant sounds kind of 

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like it's followed by a y sound like 
cure as opposed to cook in the Septum 

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languages.
This palatalized sound remained a 

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separate phoneme from cup and it became 
a civil and sound like a sub or a show.

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So the Prodo Indo European word for 100 
cutone became Chatam in Sanskrit,

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Shim Taz in Lithuanian,
and in many Slavic languages.

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It's stole.
These words have all developed and 

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diverged quite a bit.
But if you're aware of the sound shift 

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from a k sound to an s sound,
you can recognize these cognates more 

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easily in the Ken tomb languages.
The twoK sounds merged together,

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or in the case of the dramatic branch 
shifted to an h sound.

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So cute.
Tome became centum in Latin and hey 

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catone in Greek cunt in Welsh and honed 
in old English.

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So let's take a look at these two words.
In English hundred and sent,

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we usually think of hundred as a native 
Germanic word and sent as a lone word 

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from Latin,
but these are actually cognitive.

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First,
let's take away the ending of the word 

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ribbed,
which comes from a suffix,

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meaning count or number that let's 
change the h back to a k and now you can

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kind of see the resemblance.
See the resemblance.

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Remember that the sea in insent was 
originally pronounced like a k,

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Cook and Latin.
Also,

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remember that d is the voice equivalent 
of tea,

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so you can often see these sounds 
alternating and related languages.

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Some core words have been preserved in 
many or even all Indo European 

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languages.
These include some animals.

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For example,
Prodo Indo,

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European equals.
This means horse.

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You know that equestrian animal in 
Latin,

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it's equis.
In ancient Greek,

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it was keep us.
In Sanskrit,

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it's Ashford and in Persian it's aspect.
The Latin and Greek examples are to him 

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examples,
but in Greek it seems that the k sound 

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assimilated to the pcaob next to it.
The Sanskrit in Persian examples are 

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sought them.
Examples,

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since you can see that the k sound 
became shuck and suck,

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it also seems that the w sound shifted 
to a v sounded Sanskrit and to uh,

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be sound in Persian and those are sound 
changes that take place frequently in 

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various different languages.
Other frequent cognates include the 

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numbers from one to 10 words referring 
to family members,

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agricultural words and various natural 
phenomena like the words for tree and 

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wood in Prodo Indo European Dodo or Dre,
you in old English today,

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Ale in Gothic put a u in ancient Greek 
Dota,

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which actually meant spear in Sanskrit 
Daadab in old church slavonic don't 

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evolve in Armenian zod this shared 
vocabulary.

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It might be hard to spot when you're not
looking for it,

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but when you start to notice the sounds 
that commonly alternate in those 

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cognates,
for example,

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the voiceless t and the voice deep,
then cognit start to be more obvious.

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Indo European languages have developed 
so far from pro Indo European that 

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grammatically they are very diverse and 
they have many features that other Indo 

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European languages don't share.
But because Prodo Indo European was a 

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highly inflected language,
all of its descendants are inflected 

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language is to some extent by 
inflection,

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I mean that words change form to reflect
grammatical functions like number 

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person,
tense mood case.

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One example is the verb endings we find 
in various Indo European languages in 

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Prodo Indo European,
the reconstructed singular forms for the

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verb to bear our pedal or the head of 
me,

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the head of seat,
that a t and in Sanskrit the had Ami 

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Darcy Bahati in Latin Fedele fetis fed 
it in old English better or Bentyl 

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biddies biddies in many languages,
including English.

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These inflections have been lost to a 
large extent.

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In modern English,
we only retained the third person 

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inflection.
He bears or she bears,

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but English still had the second person 
inflection until the early modern 

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English period.
So if you read a King James Bible,

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you'll see the sentence,
thou barest record of myself.

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This is the second person form and val 
means you cases pro Indo European nouns 

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had inflections for eight grammatical 
cases.

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Sanskrit maintained all eight cases and 
so did the ancient Iranian language of 

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Estin Latin retained six cases and old 
English had for modern English.

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Nounce do not have case endings and 
that's also true for many other Indo 

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European languages like most of the 
romance languages,

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when language is no longer have case 
inflections,

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the function of nouns is indicated more 
by word order and by the use of 

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prepositions.
But many modern Indo European languages 

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do have numerous cases like most Balto,
Slavic languages,

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which have six to eight cases,
German and Icelandic,

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which have four cases and modern Greek,
which also has four.

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So the connection between the modern 
Indo European languages may not be 

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obvious,
but when we look back historically at 

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how those languages have developed and 
the different stages of those languages,

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we can find more connections.
The question of the day,

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if you speak in Indo European language,
did you discover any new connections 

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between your language and others during 
this video?

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Let us know in the comments down below.
Be sure to follow Lang,

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focus on facebook,
twitter,

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and Instagram,
and thank you to all of my fantastic 

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patrion supporters,
especially these wonderful people right 

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here on the screen.
Thank you for watching and have a nice 

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day.

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Yeah.