Wh8PUImUMYo.srt

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Whoa.

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Hello everyone.
Welcome to the Lange Focus Channel and 

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my name is Paul.
Today's topic is the Hungarian language 

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or my job and he has,
as it's called in Hungarian.

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Hungarian is not just another European 
language.

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There's nothing else quite like it for 
starters,

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it's not an Indo European language.
So when you look at a map and see that 

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Europe's Hungarian speaking areas are 
surrounded by Indo European languages,

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you have to ask yourself,
how did Hungarian get there?

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Most Hungarian speakers live in the 
carpathian basin,

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bordered by the Carpathian mountains to 
the north,

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east and south.
That includes not only around 10 million

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speakers in Hungary,
but also in areas of the basin in 

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neighboring countries,
including Romania,

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Serbia,
Croatia,

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Slovenia,
Austria,

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Slovakia,
and Ukraine.

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The largest Hungarian speaking minority 
is in northwestern and central Romania 

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were around 1.2
million people speak at or around 6% of 

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the country's population.

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All of these Hungarian areas in the car 
pay the invasives.

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We're part of the Kingdom of Hungary 
until 1920 when many areas were seated 

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to other countries.
But how did they get there in the first 

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place?
Hungarian is a member of the eugric 

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branch of the urologic language family,
which originated in the vicinity of the 

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Ural Mountains,
which separate Europe from western 

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Siberia.
The urologic languages include two main 

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groupings,
semiotic,

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which was the first group to branch off 
from your Alec and Pheno eugric around 

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2000 bce or maybe earlier Finnell eugric
split into protal Eugric,

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the ancestor of the eugric branch,
and Prodo Finnick,

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the ancestor of the Finnick languages,
including finish and Astonian.

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Prodo eugric remained a unified language
for more than a millennium until 

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Hungarian diverged from it around 800 
bce.

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There's some debate about whether the 
Hungarian ethnic group,

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the man jars,
originated to the west or to the east of

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the euro mountains.

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But at some point around 2000 years ago,
they became nomadic in response to 

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changes in climate and landscape,
and began gradually migrating towards 

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the West,
eventually reaching the Carpathian basin

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in the ninth century,
both while settled near the Ural 

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Mountains and while migrating west,
the madge,

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ours had extensive contact with Turkic 
peoples.

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For instance,
the my jars formed part of a tribal 

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alliance with Turkic tribes called on.
No good meaning 10 tribes,

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which was based in the northern Black 
Sea area.

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This,
by the way,

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is the most likely origin of the term 
Hungarian and it's equivalent Udon Gotti

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and Latin uhmm [inaudible] in Greek and 
own Goodie in Podo Slavic after the 

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owner Guler alliance disintegrated,
they became part of the cozaar connate,

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a Turkic Empire covering much of the 
Caucasus region and the Black Sea area 

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for a time.
They collected taxes from Slavic people 

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on behalf of the Kossar's until they 
became politically independent from the 

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Kossar's in the year eight 30 this 
interaction with Turkic tribes and 

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political entities led to significant 
Turkic influence on the Hungarian 

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language.

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It's hard to give an exact count of the 
number of Turkic loan words in 

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Hungarian,
but this lexicon contains around 500 

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loan words from old Turkic.
Also,

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the old Hungarian script developed from 
the [inaudible] script,

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the Turkic runic script that was used by
the Kossar's in the ninth century.

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The majora's.
We're carrying out frequent raids in 

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Europe and in the year 896 they crossed 
the Carpathian mountains under the 

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leadership of outer pod and began 
settling in the Carpathian basin by the 

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year 1000,
uh,

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Christian kingdom was established under 
King Stephen.

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The first under him Hungarian began to 
be written in the Latin Alphabet,

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but for some time the old Hungarian 
script was used as well for vernacular 

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writing.
It was used by the [inaudible] until at 

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least the 17th century and since the 
early 20th century,

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it has undergone a revival to some 
extent with limited use for symbolic and

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cultural reasons.

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Stephen the first also med Latin,
the sole official language of Hungary.

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And it remains so until the 19th 
century,

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the old Hungarian period,
the old Hungarian period conventionally 

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begins with the settlement of the car 
pay the invasive.

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This is around the time of the earliest 
fragments of written Hungarian,

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which date back to the 10th century and 
a written than the old Hungarian script.

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Isolated words written in the Latin 
alphabet can be found dating back to the

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mid 11th century.
And the oldest extensive texts is from 

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1192 the late 12th century.
Hungarian has changed relatively little 

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since the old Hungarian period,
but due to contact with other languages 

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and the assimilation of other tribes,
it has absorbed words from a variety of 

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languages,
including German and the erotic and 

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Slavic languages as well as Latin and 
the Turkic languages we've already 

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discussed.
Middle Hungarian,

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the Middle Hungarian period began with 
the printing of the first books in 

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Hungarian.

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During much of this period,
the Ottoman occupation of central and 

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southern Hungary took place and the 
Habsburg empire ruled the northern and 

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northwestern areas,
which likely brought some additional 

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Turkic,
specifically Turkish and dramatic 

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influences to the language modern 
Hungarian.

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In the 18th and 19th centuries,
Hungarian underwent a language reform in

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order to standardize it,
to make it more suitable for literature 

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and to make it more suitable for the 
sciences.

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They revived old vocabulary,
used existing routes and fx station to 

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create new words and introduced some 
dialectal words on a national level in 

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order to expand the vocabulary.
In 1836 it became the official language 

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alongside Latin,
and in 1844 it became the sole official 

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language of Hungary.
From 1867 to 1918 the kingdom of Hungary

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was part of the Union of Austria,
Hungary.

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In 1920 after Austria,
Hungary is involvement in the first 

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world war.

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The treaty of Triano redrew the borders 
of Hungary and assigned many of its 

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areas to neighboring countries based on 
the ethnic composition of their 

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populations.
This resulted in the current situation 

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in which millions of Hungarian speakers 
live outside of Hungary in neighboring 

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countries,
despite the fact that Hungarian has 

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ancient connections to other urologic 
languages today,

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it's similarities to them are not 
immediately obvious,

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and despite the fact that Hungarian 
vocabulary has been widely influenced by

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other languages,
the borrowed words are mostly older 

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words that are further obscured through 
compounding and affixation.

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For example,
the word Goomba,

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meaning mushroom.
This was borrowed from old slavonic 

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Goomba.
In modern Bulgarian,

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it's Guba and in Super Mario brothers,
it's Goomba.

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But this word can also form a compound 
word with this word here,

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Sienna meaning species.
Goma Fayetta means fungus to make it 

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plural.
We add a k Goma ferric.

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Then there might be a case ending gum 
buffet cat.

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Now what's in the accusative case?
You may be thinking,

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Hey,
that beginning part is still 

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recognizable to speakers of Bulgarian.
Yeah,

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maybe.
But in other Slavic languages,

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that route is not so commonly used 
anymore or has changed more than it has 

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in Bulgarian.
Like in Slovak.

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It's who the main point I'm getting at 
is that a lot of the loan words in 

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Hungarian or not immediately 
recognizable,

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but anyway,
that brings us to the most important 

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question.
What's Hungarian?

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Like?
Hungarian is an a gluten native 

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language,
meaning that words are made up of a 

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linear sequence of morphemes that each 
contribute a piece of meaning to the 

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word.

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So let's start with this word.
Vital meaning city.

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For the plural,
we add oh vital,

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she'll meaning cities and for words 
ending in a vowel,

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you just add.
For the first person,

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singular possessive.
We add boom of auto show,

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meaning my city.
Now let's make it a location of 

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[inaudible] means in my city.
This here,

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by the way,
it was the definite article,

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which we'll look at a little later.
So you can see how we start with the 

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root word and add suffixes to it to add 
meaning,

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but the suffixes are not always exactly 
the same.

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For example,
Jeb meaning pocket for this word,

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the plural would be Jeff Beck.
My pocket [inaudible] my pockets in the 

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plural [inaudible] in my pocket.
[inaudible] them in my pockets or 

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champagne,
Ben.

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So what's up with all the ease instead 
of the oes and the a is we saw in the 

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first word,
well,

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Hungarian features something called 
vowel harmony.

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This means that the vowels which appear 
and suffixes depend on the vowel in the 

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final syllable of the word.
So the suffix is in the first example.

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Vitals are in harmony with the vowel.
Oh,

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and the suffix is in the second example,
Jeb are in harmony with the vowel e.

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The exact value used also depends on the
type of suffix.

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We can also see vowel harmony and a 
gluten nation in Hungarians verb 

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conjugations.
The base form of the verb meaning to 

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write is ead for regular verbs.
These verb endings here are added to 

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verbs with one of the following vowels 
in the final syllable.

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The base form of the verb,
meaning to drive or to lead is visit.

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These verb endings here are added to 
verbs with one of the following vowels 

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in the final syllable,
either shorts he or long Ie.

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The base form of the verb meaning to sit
is these endings right here are added to

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verbs with any of these vowels in the 
last syllable,

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but there's more.
These conjugations you see here are 

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indefinite conjugations.

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Transitive verbs in Hungarian have 
different conjugations depending on 

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whether the object is definite or 
indefinite.

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Let's take the verb to write in.
Edo means I write or just eeoc because 

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Hungarian is pro drop,
meaning the subject pronouns can be 

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dropped.
Edo Call Amit,

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I write something beat Oak Ridge.
Can you vet I write the book here we 

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have a direct object and edge is an 
indefinite article Util mcha and Yvette.

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I write the book is a definite article 
and you dome is the definite 

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conjugation.
Hungarian verbs also have past tense 

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forms,
both definite and indefinite ones with 

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almost no exceptions.
There is no separate form for future 

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tense,
but the future can be expressed using 

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the infinitive of a verb plus the 
present tense of the verb folk knee.

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So I will write a book is evening,
so we'll catch you Yvette and I will 

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write,
the book is [inaudible].

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There are also numerous prefixes which 
can be added to verbs,

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some of which add a new shade of meaning
to the verb and others which completely 

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changed the meaning of the verb before 
we saw the verb,

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which means to sit as in you are 
currently in a seated position.

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If you want to express the meaning of 
sit as in sit down,

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you add the prefix net load and it can 
also mean to serve like in this phrase,

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meaning to serve a prison sentence.
[inaudible] to say sit up.

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In other words,
to stop slouching.

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You say fed who bevel means sit in 
sometimes used for getting into a car 

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and Lou means to sit still or to sit 
away from the prefix.

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[inaudible] means away.
This word also means blow over or 

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subside.
And before we saw the verb visit,

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meaning drive or lead,
and it also means to conduct electricity

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live as that means drive down like from 
a hill or from the capitol to the 

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countryside.

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But it also means deduce bev as it means
to drive into.

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And it also means introduce,
in other words to put into practice fan 

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of as that means mislead or deceive.
And there are numerous more the way that

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these prefixes,
ultra or the meanings of words is not 

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always consistent.
So you can't always just put two and two

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together,
but sometimes that works.

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There are also a couple of types of 
suffixes that can be attached to the 

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verb to change its meaning,
but at depending on vowel harmony or 

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that that show causation.
For example,

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visit means drive or lead visit.
That means make someone drive and after 

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that you can add verb endings to 
conjugate it,

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like visit the drink.
We make someone drive and that's the 

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indefinite form.
By the way,

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visit that Duke is the definite form 
visit that you Daniella as,

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oh this means we make Daniel drive the 
car.

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Leather is the instrumental case suffix,
which is used here to show who is being 

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caused to do something.
It's basic forms are evolve and vel 

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depending on vowel harmony.
But when attached to announce ending in 

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a consonant,
The v assimilates to the final consonant

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resulting in germination,
uh,

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doubled.
Consonant Oz is the definite article 

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before we saw the form awe,
but when the noun begins with a vowel,

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then the form Oz is used.
The term at the end of our tote is the 

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00:13:25,931 --> 00:13:26,764
accusative case ending,
which is used to indicate the direct 

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object cases.
One of the most notorious aspects of the

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Hungarian language is it system of cases
which are attached to nouns.

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There are 18 cases though.
Some people will say there are more.

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Look at these tables for the noun 
meaning car.

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00:13:45,310 --> 00:13:47,470
This looks pretty intimidating.
However,

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00:13:47,500 --> 00:13:51,550
most of these case endings function in a
similar way to prepositions in English,

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except that they are after the word.

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00:13:53,500 --> 00:13:55,660
In other words,
they're like post positions.

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Take the date of case form.
Oh,

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00:13:57,600 --> 00:13:59,920
don't fuck.
This means to the car.

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00:14:00,250 --> 00:14:02,020
The instrumental case,
oh,

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00:14:02,021 --> 00:14:05,710
dovall would mean by car the terminated 
case.

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00:14:05,890 --> 00:14:09,520
Oh de League would mean something like 
as far as the car.

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00:14:09,640 --> 00:14:10,473
For example,
if you were going to walk until you 

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00:14:12,011 --> 00:14:14,470
reached the car,
the ines IV case,

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00:14:14,670 --> 00:14:18,610
oh bum would mean in the car,
the ablative case,

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00:14:18,700 --> 00:14:22,120
outdoor coil would mean away from the 
car and so on.

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00:14:22,480 --> 00:14:26,590
So thinking of them as post positions 
rather than case endings might make it a

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00:14:26,591 --> 00:14:27,424
little less intimidating.
And it may look like there are separate 

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forms for plural nouns,
but the really aren't.

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The plural forms simply have the plural 
suffix [inaudible] and then the case 

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00:14:36,731 --> 00:14:37,564
endings are added after that.
The only tweak to that is the double 

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consonant in the instrumental case that 
we saw before,

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as well as in another case called the 
translative case.

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00:14:47,440 --> 00:14:50,770
Unlike in many other languages,
cases only affect nouns,

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not adjectives or articles.
In addition to cases,

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there are also possessive suffixes and 
these can be used together with various 

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case endings.
Oh Dome my car.

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00:15:02,210 --> 00:15:03,043
And to express this fully,
we need to use the definite article 

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[inaudible] I am in my car as oh towed 
your car and she shit cause I'm walking 

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00:15:15,201 --> 00:15:20,200
away from your car.
Or maybe it would be as [inaudible].

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I'm walking away from your car with the 
emphasis on your car.

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00:15:24,660 --> 00:15:27,230
Hungarian word order is not set in 
stone.

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00:15:27,290 --> 00:15:30,350
When something appears before the verb,
it is emphasized,

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so by moving the Noun to the beginning,
we are placing emphasis on it.

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00:15:34,280 --> 00:15:35,113
The verb prefix or pre verb l meaning 
away also moves out of the way when 

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00:15:39,111 --> 00:15:42,200
something else is placed in front of the
verb to emphasize it,

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00:15:42,350 --> 00:15:43,183
it's like the main verb is handing the 
emphasis over to whatever comes before 

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it,
but if there's a pre verb in the way,

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the main verb can't pass the emphasis,
but if the pre verb gets out of the way,

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then there's nothing blocking the 
emphasis from being handed over.

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00:15:56,600 --> 00:15:59,510
Since these pre verbs can be split from 
the main verb,

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they can be referred to as co verbs.
Let's add an adverb to this sentence as 

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shit [inaudible].

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00:16:07,460 --> 00:16:12,460
This means I'm walking slowly away from 
your car with no particular emphasis now

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00:16:13,170 --> 00:16:15,370
loves sean shade.
That'll cause a toto.

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00:16:15,830 --> 00:16:16,663
This means I'm walking slowly away from 
your car with the emphasis on slowly 

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00:16:21,890 --> 00:16:22,723
when there's an explicit subject placing
it before the verb places emphasis on 

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00:16:26,661 --> 00:16:28,300
it.
If there's no pre bourbon,

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00:16:28,310 --> 00:16:33,310
the way Michael [inaudible],
Michael is walking slowly away from your

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00:16:33,951 --> 00:16:34,784
car.
This sentence has no particular 

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00:16:36,171 --> 00:16:37,004
emphasis,
but let's get the pre verb out of the 

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00:16:38,691 --> 00:16:41,240
way.
My good shape that allison has,

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00:16:41,250 --> 00:16:44,570
oh,
toto Michael is walking slowly away from

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00:16:44,571 --> 00:16:45,404
your car here.
The emphasis is on Michael because it 

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00:16:47,871 --> 00:16:48,704
comes right before the verb.
My coolest [inaudible] Michael is 

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00:16:53,211 --> 00:16:55,760
walking slowly away from your car.
Again,

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00:16:55,761 --> 00:17:00,761
the emphasis here is on La Shaunn slowly
because it comes right before the verb.

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00:17:01,070 --> 00:17:01,903
This position right before the verb is 
the most emphatic if the verb comes at 

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00:17:06,141 --> 00:17:09,860
the beginning before an explicit subject
than the verbus emphasized,

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00:17:10,130 --> 00:17:13,040
but for this sentence,
the meaning wouldn't really make sense.

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00:17:14,360 --> 00:17:15,193
A couple of notes on Hungarian phonology
and orthography in terms of phonology 

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00:17:19,281 --> 00:17:20,114
and orthography Hungarians,
not exactly the simplest language out 

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00:17:22,881 --> 00:17:24,920
there.
There are 14 vowels.

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00:17:24,980 --> 00:17:25,813
This includes seven pairs of short and 
long equivalent with the acute accents 

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00:17:29,750 --> 00:17:30,583
indicating long vowels.
One of the immediately noticeable 

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00:17:32,991 --> 00:17:33,824
features is the double acute accent to 
show the long equivalents of the vowels 

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00:17:37,251 --> 00:17:41,270
with uhmm louts.
There are also 30 consonants for a total

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00:17:41,271 --> 00:17:42,104
of 44 letters in the Hungarian alphabet,
but some of the consonants consist of 

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00:17:45,981 --> 00:17:49,500
two or three orthographic letters.
These consonants with Y,

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00:17:49,560 --> 00:17:52,560
our palatalized consonants,
and there are these others.

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00:17:52,820 --> 00:17:55,100
See s equals chuck,
D,

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00:17:55,230 --> 00:17:56,950
Z,
s equals j,

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00:17:56,970 --> 00:17:57,691
e,
s,

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00:17:57,691 --> 00:18:01,230
z equals C and Z,
s equals g.

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00:18:01,860 --> 00:18:02,693
In addition to palatalized consonants,
another common phonological and 

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00:18:05,821 --> 00:18:06,654
orthographic feature is germination 
lengthened consonants that are 

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00:18:09,571 --> 00:18:11,970
represented by double consonants in 
writing.

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00:18:13,200 --> 00:18:15,990
If you see a sentence that contains 
double consonants,

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00:18:16,020 --> 00:18:19,290
consonants followed by Y and multiple 
acute accents,

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00:18:19,350 --> 00:18:21,450
Uhmm,
louts or a double a cute accent,

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00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:23,910
then you're almost certainly looking at 
Hungarian.

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00:18:24,510 --> 00:18:27,720
Let's look at one final sentence in 
Hungarian and break it down.

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00:18:28,320 --> 00:18:29,300
Now,
everybodyokay Hash,

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00:18:29,310 --> 00:18:31,530
mathematic ab,
that damage cabbies album.

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00:18:31,830 --> 00:18:32,663
The sentence means I'm not hungry 
because I already ate lunch at a cafe 

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00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:37,710
word for word.
It's no,

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00:18:37,770 --> 00:18:41,600
I am hungry because already I have 
lunch,

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00:18:41,740 --> 00:18:46,260
a cafe in first we see the negation word
Nem.

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00:18:46,440 --> 00:18:47,273
This word doesn't change and you just 
put it before the part of the sentence 

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00:18:50,041 --> 00:18:50,874
that you want to make negative.
There are other forms of negotiation as 

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00:18:53,611 --> 00:18:54,444
well,
but this is the basic way in indicative 

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00:18:56,101 --> 00:18:56,934
sentences.
Next we see video which means I am this 

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00:19:00,511 --> 00:19:01,344
ending.
Oh is a typical present tense ending 

319
00:19:03,721 --> 00:19:07,650
meaning I with its vowel harmonizing 
with this a vowel awe.

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00:19:07,800 --> 00:19:10,980
But this verb is a rather special one in
irregular verb.

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00:19:11,040 --> 00:19:14,910
Removing oak would give you the third 
person singular present tense form.

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00:19:14,970 --> 00:19:15,803
But for this verb,
[inaudible] is the second person 

323
00:19:17,941 --> 00:19:20,940
singular and the third person singular 
is Vaughn.

324
00:19:21,510 --> 00:19:22,343
It also has a different past tense stem 
voight and it's also the only Hungarian 

325
00:19:27,121 --> 00:19:29,790
verb with its own inflected.
Future tense form.

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00:19:29,940 --> 00:19:33,660
Other verbs express the future using two
verbs like we saw before.

327
00:19:35,700 --> 00:19:40,200
A Hash is the word for hungry.
The singular form of this word is always

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00:19:40,201 --> 00:19:44,550
the same and has never inflected for 
gender or case and be that,

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00:19:44,610 --> 00:19:45,443
um,
is the first person singular past tense 

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00:19:47,430 --> 00:19:48,263
of the verb,
meaning to have lunch and the identity 

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00:19:50,490 --> 00:19:51,323
which has the base form and Ba da them 
is the first person singular past tense 

332
00:19:55,891 --> 00:19:59,220
inflection and vowel harmony determines 
that it's dumb.

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00:19:59,280 --> 00:20:02,520
Not Dumb.
This is the indefinite conjugation.

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00:20:02,550 --> 00:20:04,980
But for the first person singular past 
tense,

335
00:20:05,010 --> 00:20:10,010
the definite and indefinite forms are 
actually the same edge is the indefinite

336
00:20:10,351 --> 00:20:11,184
article.
Got Album is the word for cafe with the 

337
00:20:14,370 --> 00:20:16,890
NSF case ending bond.
In other words,

338
00:20:16,920 --> 00:20:17,753
it's like a post position meaning him,
and it's worth noting that this ending 

339
00:20:21,271 --> 00:20:23,040
is bond,
not Ben,

340
00:20:23,070 --> 00:20:25,110
because it's in harmony with the,
Oh,

341
00:20:25,111 --> 00:20:28,950
at the end of Kava is old.
As you can probably see,

342
00:20:28,951 --> 00:20:29,784
Hungarian is quite different from any 
Indo European language and it's 

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00:20:32,521 --> 00:20:33,990
different from any other language.

344
00:20:33,990 --> 00:20:34,823
In Europe.
It's a gluten native grammar and it's 

345
00:20:36,481 --> 00:20:40,680
now in cases which functions somewhat 
like post positions are somewhat similar

346
00:20:40,681 --> 00:20:41,514
to other pheno eugric languages,
but there are also differences and it 

347
00:20:44,611 --> 00:20:48,190
contains much less Finnell eugric 
vocabulary than you might expect.

348
00:20:48,400 --> 00:20:49,233
But despite being different,
Hungarian is really not as complicated 

349
00:20:52,061 --> 00:20:52,894
as people make it out to beat.
The noun cases aren't that hard to wrap 

350
00:20:55,601 --> 00:20:56,434
your head around.
If you think of them like post 

351
00:20:57,611 --> 00:20:58,444
positions,
vowel harmony isn't that hard to get 

352
00:21:00,341 --> 00:21:01,174
used to because there are a limited 
number of variations and indefinite and 

353
00:21:04,871 --> 00:21:07,210
definite conjugations work very 
logically.

354
00:21:07,240 --> 00:21:08,980
It just takes some time to get used to 
them.

355
00:21:09,280 --> 00:21:11,680
And other aspects of Hungarian are quite
simple.

356
00:21:11,710 --> 00:21:14,740
For example,
there's no grammatical gender at all and

357
00:21:14,770 --> 00:21:15,603
adjectives and articles are not 
inflected for case which makes dealing 

358
00:21:18,431 --> 00:21:19,264
with the cases much simpler.
The main point I'm getting at is that 

359
00:21:21,881 --> 00:21:23,860
after digging into Hungarian a little 
bit,

360
00:21:23,861 --> 00:21:25,900
just enough to make this language 
profile,

361
00:21:25,930 --> 00:21:26,763
I've come away with the impression that 
it's not as complicated as I had been 

362
00:21:29,681 --> 00:21:30,580
led to believe.

363
00:21:30,790 --> 00:21:31,623
So if you're interested in the Hungarian
people or the Hungarian culture or the 

364
00:21:34,481 --> 00:21:35,314
country of Hungary,
then don't be scared to start learning 

365
00:21:37,271 --> 00:21:38,104
the Hungarian language as well.
The question of the day to native 

366
00:21:40,841 --> 00:21:41,674
speakers of Hungarian,
what language or languages do you think 

367
00:21:44,201 --> 00:21:47,950
share the most similarities with 
Hungarian and to learners of Hungarian?

368
00:21:48,130 --> 00:21:51,670
What aspects of the language have you 
found most challenging and what has been

369
00:21:51,671 --> 00:21:54,070
more straight forward?
Be sure to follow Lang,

370
00:21:54,071 --> 00:21:55,930
focus on facebook,
twitter,

371
00:21:55,931 --> 00:21:57,730
and instagram.
And once again,

372
00:21:57,850 --> 00:21:59,830
thank you to all of my patrion 
supporters,

373
00:21:59,860 --> 00:22:02,500
especially the amazing ones right here 
on the screen.

374
00:22:02,530 --> 00:22:03,363
Who are my top tier patrons?
So many thanks to them as always and to 

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00:22:06,521 --> 00:22:07,354
everyone else.
Thank you for watching and have a nice 

376
00:22:10,360 --> 00:22:11,193
day.