I try to use dplyr joins for most tasks that combine data from two tibbles. But sometimes you just need good old "table lookup". Party like it's Microsoft Excel LOOKUP() time!
library(gapminder)
library(tidyverse)
## Loading tidyverse: ggplot2
## Loading tidyverse: tibble
## Loading tidyverse: tidyr
## Loading tidyverse: readr
## Loading tidyverse: purrr
## Loading tidyverse: dplyr
## Conflicts with tidy packages ----------------------------------------------
## filter(): dplyr, stats
## lag(): dplyr, statsWork with a tiny subset of Gapminder, mini_gap.
mini_gap <- gapminder %>%
filter(country %in% c("Belgium", "Canada", "United States", "Mexico"),
year > 2000) %>%
select(-pop, -gdpPercap) %>%
droplevels()
mini_gap
## # A tibble: 8 × 4
## country continent year lifeExp
## <fctr> <fctr> <int> <dbl>
## 1 Belgium Europe 2002 78.320
## 2 Belgium Europe 2007 79.441
## 3 Canada Americas 2002 79.770
## 4 Canada Americas 2007 80.653
## 5 Mexico Americas 2002 74.902
## 6 Mexico Americas 2007 76.195
## 7 United States Americas 2002 77.310
## 8 United States Americas 2007 78.242Make a lookup table of national foods. Or at least the stereotype. Yes I have intentionally kept Mexico in mini-Gapminder and neglected to put Mexico here.
food <- tribble(
~ country, ~ food,
"Belgium", "waffle",
"Canada", "poutine",
"United States", "Twinkie"
)
food
## # A tibble: 3 × 2
## country food
## <chr> <chr>
## 1 Belgium waffle
## 2 Canada poutine
## 3 United States Twinkiematch(x, table) reports where the values in the key x appear in the lookup variable table. It returns positive integers for use as indices. It assumes x and table are free-range vectors, i.e. there's no implicit data frame on the radar here.
Gapminder's country plays the role of the key x. It is replicated, i.e. non-unique, in mini_gap, but not in food, i.e. no country appears more than once food$country. FYI match() actually allows for multiple matches by only consulting the first.
match(x = mini_gap$country, table = food$country)
## [1] 1 1 2 2 NA NA 3 3In table lookup, there is always a value variable y that you plan to index with the match(x, table) result. It often lives together with table in a data frame; they should certainly be the same length and synced up with respect to row order.
But first ...
I get x and table backwards some non-negligible percentage of the time. So I store the match indices and index the data frame where table lives with it. Add x as a column and eyeball-o-metrically assess that all is well.
(indices <- match(x = mini_gap$country, table = food$country))
## [1] 1 1 2 2 NA NA 3 3
add_column(food[indices, ], x = mini_gap$country)
## # A tibble: 8 × 3
## country food x
## <chr> <chr> <fctr>
## 1 Belgium waffle Belgium
## 2 Belgium waffle Belgium
## 3 Canada poutine Canada
## 4 Canada poutine Canada
## 5 <NA> <NA> Mexico
## 6 <NA> <NA> Mexico
## 7 United States Twinkie United States
## 8 United States Twinkie United StatesOnce all looks good, do the actual table lookup and, possibly, add the new info to your main table.
mini_gap %>%
mutate(food = food$food[indices])
## # A tibble: 8 × 5
## country continent year lifeExp food
## <fctr> <fctr> <int> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 Belgium Europe 2002 78.320 waffle
## 2 Belgium Europe 2007 79.441 waffle
## 3 Canada Americas 2002 79.770 poutine
## 4 Canada Americas 2007 80.653 poutine
## 5 Mexico Americas 2002 74.902 <NA>
## 6 Mexico Americas 2007 76.195 <NA>
## 7 United States Americas 2002 77.310 Twinkie
## 8 United States Americas 2007 78.242 TwinkieOf course, if this was really our exact task, we could have used a join!
mini_gap %>%
left_join(food)
## Joining, by = "country"
## Warning in left_join_impl(x, y, by$x, by$y, suffix$x, suffix$y): joining
## character vector and factor, coercing into character vector
## # A tibble: 8 × 5
## country continent year lifeExp food
## <chr> <fctr> <int> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 Belgium Europe 2002 78.320 waffle
## 2 Belgium Europe 2007 79.441 waffle
## 3 Canada Americas 2002 79.770 poutine
## 4 Canada Americas 2007 80.653 poutine
## 5 Mexico Americas 2002 74.902 <NA>
## 6 Mexico Americas 2007 76.195 <NA>
## 7 United States Americas 2002 77.310 Twinkie
## 8 United States Americas 2007 78.242 TwinkieBut sometimes you have a substantive reason (or psychological hangup) that makes you prefer the table look up interface.
While I'm here, let's demo another standard R trick that's based on indexing by name.
Imagine the table you want to consult isn't even a tibble but is, instead, a named character vector.
(food_vec <- setNames(food$food, food$country))
## Belgium Canada United States
## "waffle" "poutine" "Twinkie"Another way to get the national foods for mini-Gapminder is to simply index food_vec with mini_gap$country.
mini_gap %>%
mutate(food = food_vec[country])
## # A tibble: 8 × 5
## country continent year lifeExp food
## <fctr> <fctr> <int> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 Belgium Europe 2002 78.320 waffle
## 2 Belgium Europe 2007 79.441 waffle
## 3 Canada Americas 2002 79.770 poutine
## 4 Canada Americas 2007 80.653 poutine
## 5 Mexico Americas 2002 74.902 Twinkie
## 6 Mexico Americas 2007 76.195 Twinkie
## 7 United States Americas 2002 77.310 <NA>
## 8 United States Americas 2007 78.242 <NA>HOLD ON. STOP. Twinkies aren't the national food of Mexico!?! What went wrong?
Remember mini_gap$country is a factor. So when we use it in an indexing context, it's integer nature is expressed. It is pure luck that we get the right foods for Belgium and Canada. Luckily the Mexico - United States situation tipped us off. Here's what we are really indexing food_vec by above:
unclass(mini_gap$country)
## [1] 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
## attr(,"levels")
## [1] "Belgium" "Canada" "Mexico" "United States"To get our desired result, we need to explicitly coerce mini_gap$country to character.
mini_gap %>%
mutate(food = food_vec[as.character(country)])
## # A tibble: 8 × 5
## country continent year lifeExp food
## <fctr> <fctr> <int> <dbl> <chr>
## 1 Belgium Europe 2002 78.320 waffle
## 2 Belgium Europe 2007 79.441 waffle
## 3 Canada Americas 2002 79.770 poutine
## 4 Canada Americas 2007 80.653 poutine
## 5 Mexico Americas 2002 74.902 <NA>
## 6 Mexico Americas 2007 76.195 <NA>
## 7 United States Americas 2002 77.310 Twinkie
## 8 United States Americas 2007 78.242 TwinkieWhen your key variable is character (and not a factor), you can skip this step.