10 Days of Git and GitHub

_{Author:Asabeneh Yetayeh
First Edition: Jan 25, 2021}

• Day 1
  • Basic Command Lines
    • Current working directory
    • Navigating directory
    • Making Directory
    • List files and directories
    • Detail list
    • Creating file
    • Opening and writing on file
    • Opening file to read
    • Copy file
    • Rename file
    • Moving file and directory
    • Delete file and directory
• Day 2
  • Git and GitHub
    • 1. Install Git
    • 2. Checking status of the repository
    • 3. Configure your name and your email
    • 4. Create a local git repository
    • 5. Initialize Git
    • 6. Add file to the staging area
    • 7. Unstage a file
    • 8. Commit the changes
    • 9. Git log
    • 10. Git log --oneline
    • 11. Git log -
    • 12. Git check out
    • 13. Creating a branch
    • 14. Create account on GitHub
    • 15. Create Repository on GitHub
    • 16. Connecting git with remote repository
    • 17. Push
    • 18. Merge
    • 19. Pull
    • 20. Git clone
    • 21. Rename Branch
    • 22. Deleting Branch
    • 23. The .gitignore file
    • 24 Forking
  • Git cheat sheet:
• Day 3
  • Git repository user interface features
• Day 4
  • GitHub page
• Day 5
  • Documenting on GitHub
  • GitHub Markdown
  • GitHub wiki
• Day 6
  • Collaborating on GitHub
    • Educational Resources
• Day 7
  • Advanced git features
• Day 8
  • GitHub workflow
• Day 9
  • Connecting GitHub with Heroku
• Day 10

Developers need to know basic Unix commands. Some tasks necessary need to be done using git bash, mac terminal, or window command prompt. In this tutorial, we will use git bash to learn the basics of the Unix command which you may need as a developer. This is not an exhaustive list but it is enough for daily uses. To make use of git bash first you should install git. You can install by just clicking the next button up to the end of the installation.

If you prefer watching the tutorial, click this link

Checking the working directory using the command pwd.

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~$ pwd
/c/Users/Asabeneh

Now, let's go to the Desktop using cd(change directory).

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~$ cd Desktop
Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop

To check where you are at, use the pwd command age

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop$ pwd
/c/Users/Asabeneh/Desktop

We use cd to get into a directory(folder) and we use cd.. to get out from a directory, in other words, we use cd to go forward into a directory and cd .. to go backward from a directory.

Now, let's create a directory inside the Desktop. Call the name of the directory, 10-days-of-code. You give it any name but I am in favor of this name. Use the mkdir command to make a directory(folder)

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop$ mkdir 10-days-of-code

Now let's go to the 10-days-of-code folder using cd command.

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop$ cd 10-days-of-code
Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code
Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ pwd
/c/Users/Asabeneh/Desktop/10-days-of-code

We can check the files and directories we have in a directory(folder) using the ls command.

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ ls

No files or directories were found in the 10-days-of-code folder because we didn't create them yet. Let's create some directories

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ mkdir day-1

Now let's check if there are some files or directories in the 10-days-of-code folder.

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ ls
day-1

Now, you see a day-1 folder that you created.

Now let's create multiple folders at one and use ls to see all the directories we have in the 10-days-of-code folder.

Making multiple folders at once

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ mkdir day-2 day-3 day-4 day-5 day-6 day-7 day-8 day-9 day-10

Using ls we can see all the directories we have in the 10-days-of-code

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code
$ ls
day-1  day-10  day-2  day-3  day-4  day-5  day-6  day-7  day-8  day-9

Let's see a detailed list of the directories using multiple commands, ls -la.

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code
$ ls -la
total 20
drwxr-xr-x 1 Asabeneh 197121 0 Jan 19 02:16 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 Asabeneh 197121 0 Jan 19 02:05 ..
drwxr-xr-x 1 Asabeneh 197121 0 Jan 19 02:12 day-1
drwxr-xr-x 1 Asabeneh 197121 0 Jan 19 02:16 day-10
drwxr-xr-x 1 Asabeneh 197121 0 Jan 19 02:16 day-2
drwxr-xr-x 1 Asabeneh 197121 0 Jan 19 02:16 day-3
drwxr-xr-x 1 Asabeneh 197121 0 Jan 19 02:16 day-4
drwxr-xr-x 1 Asabeneh 197121 0 Jan 19 02:16 day-5
drwxr-xr-x 1 Asabeneh 197121 0 Jan 19 02:16 day-6
drwxr-xr-x 1 Asabeneh 197121 0 Jan 19 02:16 day-7
drwxr-xr-x 1 Asabeneh 197121 0 Jan 19 02:16 day-8
drwxr-xr-x 1 Asabeneh 197121 0 Jan 19 02:16 day-9

Using the above command, we can see the detailed view of a directory or a file

Now, let's see how to create a file. We can use the touch command to write a file.

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ touch day-1.txt
Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ ls
day-1  day-1.txt  day-10  day-2  day-3  day-4  day-5  day-6  day-7  day-8  day-9

As you can see, there is day-1.txt in the list. That means we have created the day-1.txt file inside the 10-days-of-code folder. You can also you ls -la command to use the detailed view of the folders and file.

Now, let's open the day-1.txt file and add some text to it. We use the nano command to open and write.

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ nano day-1.txt

As you can see from the above figure, the cursor is active and you can write on the pad. You can only use arrow keys to move the cursor left, right, up, and down. Let's write some text on the opened pad. There are instructors at the bottom that tells how to exit. For instance ctrl + x is to exit. When you exit either you save or cancel which comes when you click ctrl + x.

Now you can save the modified file by writing Y or you can cancel it by clicking ctrl + c.

After you write Y then click enter.

We can use the cat command just only to read the file.

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ cat day-1.txt
This is my first text. I have never written on nano text editor before

Let's have day-1-backup.txt from day-1.txt by copying using the cp command.

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code
$ cp day-1.txt day-1-backup.txt

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code $ ls
day-1  day-1.txt  day-10  day-1-backup.txt  day-2  day-3  day-4  day-5  day-6  day-7  day-8  day-9

The mv command is used both to change the name of a file and to move a file into a different directory.

Let's have more files in the 10-days-of-code folder. We can use the touch command to create files.

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ touch day-2.txt day-3.txt day-4.txt day-5.txt
Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ ls
day-1      day-10          day-2      day-3      day-4      day-5      day-6  day-8
day-1.txt  day-1-backup.txt  day-2.txt  day-3.txt  day-4.txt  day-5.txt  day-7  day-9

Now, let's rename the day-2.txt to second-day.txt using the mv command.

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ mv day-2.txt second-day.txt

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ ls
day-1      day-10          day-2  day-3.txt  day-4.txt  day-5.txt  day-7  day-9
day-1.txt  day-1-backup.txt  day-3  day-4      day-5      day-6      day-8  second-day.txt

Let's rename the day-10 directory to day-ten.

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ mv day-10 day-ten
Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ ls
day-1      day-1-backup.txt  day-3      day-4      day-5      day-6  day-8  day-ten
day-1.txt  day-2           day-3.txt  day-4.txt  day-5.txt  day-7  day-9  second-day.txt

The mv and cp commands can be used to put files into a directory. The cp moves the copy of the file or the folder to another folder, however, mv just move it without copying. Let's move the day-1.txt day-1 folder.

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ mv day-1.txt day-1
Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ ls
day-1           day-2  day-3.txt  day-4.txt  day-5.txt  day-7  day-9    second-day.txt
day-1-backup.txt  day-3  day-4      day-5      day-6      day-8  day-ten
Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ cd day-1
Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code/day-1$ ls
day-1.txt

Let's try to move a file using the cp command. Let's move the day-1-backup.txt to day-1 folder

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-git/10-days-of-code
$ cp day-1-backup.txt day-1

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-git/10-days-of-code
$ cd day-1
Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-git/10-days-of-code/day-1
$ ls
day-1.txt  day-1-backup.txt

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-git/10-days-of-code/day-1
$ cd ..
Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-git/10-days-of-code
$ ls
day-1             day-2  day-3.txt  day-4.txt  day-5.txt  day-7  day-9    second-day.txt
day-1-backup.txt  day-3  day-4      day-5      day-6      day-8  day-ten

The copied version of day-1-backup.txt moved to a day-1 folder. Now let's create multiple backup files first and move them to a backup folder

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ mkdir backups
Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ cd backups
Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code/backups$ touch day-2-backup.txt day-3-backup.txt
Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code/backups$ ls
day-2-backup.txt  day-3-backup.txt

Moving multiple files

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code
$ mv -t backups day-1-backup.txt day-2-backup.txt  day-3-backup.txt

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code
$ cd backups/
Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code/backups
$ ls
day-1-backup.txt  day-2-backup.txt  day-3-backup.txt

Let's remove the file using the rm command. Let's remove the day-1-backup.txt file from the day-1 folder.

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code
$ cd day-1

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code/day-1
$ ls
day-1.txt  day-1-backup.txt

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code/day-1
$ rm  day-1-backup.txt

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code/day-1$ ls
day-1.txt

Let's delete the day-ten folder using rmdir command. The rmdir delete a folder.

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code
$ rmdir day-ten

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code
$ ls
backups  day-2  day-3.txt  day-4.txt  day-5.txt  day-7  day-9
day-1    day-3  day-4      day-5      day-6      day-8  second-day.txt

Now, let's copy the backups folder to backups-2 and backup-3 using cp command. Then we will delete backups-3. The cp with -r has been used to copy it recursively.

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ cp -r backups backups-2

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ ls
backups    day-1  day-3      day-4      day-5      day-6  day-8  second-day.txt
backups-2  day-2  day-3.txt  day-4.txt  day-5.txt  day-7  day-9

Now let's do the above step to create backups-3

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code
$ cp -r backups backups-3
Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code
$ ls
backups    backups-3  day-2  day-3.txt  day-4.txt  day-5.txt  day-7  day-9
backups-2  day-1      day-3  day-4      day-5      day-6      day-8  second-day.txt

Now the backups-3 has files and neither the rm nor the rmdir deletes it. Therefore, we can use multiple commands to delete it. Let's try it with the following command.

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ rm -rf backups-3
Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop/10-days-of-code$ ls
backups    day-1  day-3      day-4      day-5      day-6  day-8  second-day.txt
backups-2  day-2  day-3.txt  day-4.txt  day-5.txt  day-7  day-9

Congratulations! Now you knew basic command lines

Git is a version control software. In one way or the other you may need to use a git and a GitHub together.

You need to use git and GitHub either to store your projects on the cloud or to collaborate with your team. This means it allows developers or writers to work on the same project even if they are located in different locations.

Version control is a means of recording changes to a file or set of files over time so that you can recall specific versions later.

If you prefer watching the tutorial click this link

First, you need to install the version control software, Git.

• Git: Install git

The git status command allows you to know the status of the project: If it is

• initiated
• modified
• staged

We can write the command git status at any time. It is a means to to check what is happening on your project.

Open the Git bash if your device is Windows, or open the Mac terminal if your device is MacOS and then write the following commands

git config --global user.name 'yourname'
git config --global user.email 'youremail'

In this step, you will create a folder (directory) for your project. A project is just a simple folder that stores all the files related to a certain project. A local repository is a project or a folder that is on your computer.

If your Git bash is not opened, go to start and type git bash. Git terminal will popup on Windows devices. If it is MasOS just open the Mac terminal. On the terminal write:

mkdir project_name
cd project_name

By the way, you can also create the folders the usual way using on the GUI(Graphical User Interface) of Windows or Mac.

After creating a new local repository or in an existing local repository, initialize the repository by the following command:

   git init

Once, the repository is initialized git tracks the changes in the files and folders of the project.

The file can be added to the staging area in multiple ways. To add a single file, we use the git add command followed by a file name

   git add filename

To add multiple files using their file names using the command git add followed by file names

   git add filename1 filename2

Sometimes, we may make a lot of changes, and adding files one by one is tiring and not product. Therefore, we can use a short and product way. The git add command followed by a dot allows adding files and folders at once to the stage area. Remember, there is a space between the add and the dot.

To add all files and folders at once

   git add .

To add and commit at the same time

  git commit -am 'commit message'

    git reset HEAD filename

Commit means taking a snapshot or a copy of your file at that point in time. You may associate it with saving a file with a new name (save as).

   git commit -m 'your message'

Your commit message has to be associated with the changes or modifications you make.

The git log command allows knowing the commit history of the project. It list down all the commit history

The git log --oneline command allows to list minified log history

For instance, this git log --5 command list 5 commit history.

We can identify the commit id of each commit using the git log command. Then we can make use of this id to retire any previous commit.

git checkout commit-id

We can create a copy of the master(main) using a branch. You built an awesome application. You like to keep this awesome application as it is but you like to add some features. This is the time, you need branching the master. The branch is the copy of the master at branching instant. After branching, the branch and the master don't see each other. You can create as many branches as you want.

To create a branch:

• Only to create branch

    git branch  branch-name

• To create and checkout to the branch at the same time:

    git checkout -b branch-name

To switch between branches:

    git checkout main
    git checkout branch-name

To list down all the branches:

    git branch

Now, create an account on GitHub and sign in using your emails and password

• GitHub Sign up on GitHub

Go to GitHub and create a repository by click the plus icon on the top right corner.

In this step, you will connect your local git repository with your remote GitHub repository

    git remote add origin remote_repository_ul

The word origin could be any word. It is a means to assign the repository URL. If this is step is passed without error, you are ready to push it to your remote GitHub repository. Push means actually uploading what you have on your local to remote repository.

Before you push(upload), please commits any changes and if it is ready push your files to your remote GitHub repository using the following command.

    git push -u origin master

When you work on an individual project or a team project you may have different branches. Mostly you will have a master(main), develop and other branches. Then you will merge other branches to your develop and your develop to master. It is possible to merge any branches. For instance, lets merge feature branch to develop

    git checkout develop
    git merge feature

Using the above code, now the develop and feature branches do have the same content

If your team merges new features to the develop, then you will be behind, now you need to make your project to the current stage by pulling from develop

    git checkout yourbranch
    git pull origin develop

    git checkout develop
    git merge yourbranch
    git push -u origin develop

If you are a sole developer that works by yourself then you can test the git pull command by modifying some of the files from your remote repository and pull it using the git pull command.

GitHub allows to download a project using a URL. It is the same as downloading by clicking a download button from a website. To clone, go to desktop or any location and write the command git clone URL.

For instance, to clone this repository, you need to run the following command

Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~$ cd Desktop
Asabeneh@DESKTOP-KGC1AKC MINGW64 ~/Desktop$ git clone https://github.com/Asabeneh/10-days-of-git-and-github.git

To rename a current branch

git branch -m <newname>

To rename any branch

git branch -m <oldname> <newname>

To delete a local branch

git branch -d branch-name
git branch -D branch-name

To delete remote branch

git push <remote_name> :<branch_name>

or

git push <remote_name> --delete <branch_name>

Any file you committed could be pushed to a remote repository but sometimes you may not want to push everything you have on your local repository. For instance sensitive data such as email, password, bank account, API Keys and others. Therefore, any files or folders that is listed on the .ignore file will not be tracked by Git. Create a .ignore file on the top level of your project directory, on this file put file names or folder you would like to ignore

The .ignore file

test
personal-data
example.txt
sensitive-info.txt

A forking is a process of owning other repository. After you clicked on fork button of a certain repository you will see that that repository became in your repository list. You can try by clicking the fork button on this repository.

Every repository that has some content in it has an active fork button on the right top corner.

After forking, we can clone the repository and work on the cloned version of the project. After modifiying the original we can push to the forked verion of the repository. In addition, we can send a pull request to the original repo to contribute on the project.

Congratulations! Now, you have a solid foundation of Git and GitHub

Here you have the basic git commands which might be useful:

git --version     # Check the version
git help          # Get help from git
git help commit   # Get help for the commit command
git config        # Get information about configuration
git config --list # Check all what is configured
git config --global user.name "username" # Configuring git user name
git config --global user.email "email"   # Configuring git user email

git init          # Initialize git repository local machine
git status        # Check changes or status of file(s) in repository

git add filename1.txt # Adding only one file
git add filename1.txt filename2.txt # Add multiple files
git add . # Add all the files and folders to the staging area

git commit -a # Stage and write a commit message in Nano
git commit -m "commit message" # Write a commit message after staging
git commit -am "commit message" # Grab everything & skip the stage process

git log  # See the history on the repository
git log --oneline
git log -<limit>
git log --author ="name" # To check change by specific user
git log --graph # Visualize the history

git diff # Compare working copy in the repository
git diff --staged # Compare files in the staging area

git checkout -- filename # To get working copy back
git reset HEAD filename # Removes from the staging area / (unstage)
git checkout <branch-name> <path to file> # Checkout file from different branch
git checkout <commit-id> -- <path to file> # Checkout file from specific commit

git remote -v  # View remote repository-Urls
git remote add <remote name> repository-Url # Add a new remote
git push -u remote master # Push the file into github
git checkout <commit-id> -- filename #

git rm filename1 # Delete one tracked file
git mv filename1 filename2 # Delete tracked file(s)
git mv filename1 foldername/filename1 # Move file to a folder

git branch # to list branches
git branch branch-name # to create a branch
git checkout branch-name # to checkout to a certain branch
git checkout -b branch-name # to create a branch and checkout at the same time
git merge branch-name # to merge a branch to the current branch

Familiarize yourself with your GitHub account and available repository features. Git has account setting and repository setting. Navigate through the available features.

Check the available repository features by clicking each buttons.

Check what is available on your GitHub account settings

• watch this repository
• Give start to this repository
• fork this repository
• clonge this repository

Every GitHub repository allows you to generate a URL of your project. For instance, this URL has been generated from this project GitHub page. To generate GitHub page URL, you should have an index.html at the top level inside the project.

First go to the setting of this repository and then click on it. Go all the way down until you get the GitHub pages section, then select the master

After you select the master, a save button will appear and click save.

After saving, a GitHub page URL will be generated automatically. That is your URL for that specific project.

Markdown files can be used to write documentation or anything. The markdown file extension is .md

Markdown is an HTML-like markup language that allows to write text and render it on a browser. If you are familiar with HTML, you pick the syntax of markdown in a matter of minutes. Follow this link to learn about markdown

Every GitHub public repository has a wiki page. A wiki page allows you to write or document.

GitHub made open-source collaboration very easy. You can collaborate to any open-souce GitHub repository by forking the repository. In this section, let's learn how to make collaborate on an open source project:

1. First Fork the 10-days-of-git-and-github repository
2. After forking, clone this repository on your desktop
3. Add your favorite educational links on Education Resouces categories. You can learn how to collaborate by adding links of best educational resouces on the category below. If the category is not exist, you create a new category.

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