LITTLE BLUETOOTH

INTRODUCTION

LittleBluetooth is a library that helps you developing applications that need to work with a bluetooth low energy device. It is written using Swift and the Combine framework thus is only compatible from iOS 13, macOS 10.15, watchOS 6.0 to upper version. It will make pretty easy to work with CoreBlueTooth: connecting to a peripheral and reading a characteristic can be mabe with just these lines of code:

StartLittleBlueTooth
.startDiscovery(for: self.littleBT, withServices: [CBUUID(string: HRMCostants.HRMService)])
.prefix(1)
.connect(for: self.littleBT)
.read(for: self.littleBT, from: hrmSensorChar)
.sink(receiveCompletion: { (result) in
    print("Result: \(result)")
    switch result {
    case .finished:
        break
    case .failure(let error):
        print("Error while changing sensor position: \(error)")
        break
    }
        
}) { (value: HeartRateSensorPositionResponse) in // Specify the concrete type
    print("Value: \(value)")
}
.store(in: &disposeBag)

An instance of LittleBluetooth can control only one peripheral, you can use more instances as many peripheral you need, but first read this answer on Apple forums to understand the impact of having more CBCentralManager instances.

The library is still on development so use at own you risk.

TOC

Features

Installation

How to use it

• Instantiate
• Scan
• Connect
• Read
• Write
• Listen
• Disconnection
• Connection event observer
• Initialization operation
• Autoconnection
• State preservation and restoration
• Central manager extraction

Custom operators

Documentation

Sample application

License

FEATURES

• Built on top of Combine
• Deploys on iOS, macOS, macOS (Catalyst), tvOS, watchOS
• Chainable operations: scan, connect, enable listen, disable listen and read/write . Each operation is executed serially without having to worry in dealing with delegates
• Peripheral state and bluetooth state observation. You can watch the bluetooth state and also the peripheral states for a more fine grained control in the UI. Those information are also checked before starting any operation.
• Single notification channel: you can subscribe to the notification channel to receive all the data of the enabled characteristics. You have also single and connectable publishers.
• Write and listen (or better listen and write): sometimes you need to write a command and get a “response” right away
• Initialization operations: sometimes you want to perform some bluetooth commands right after a connection, for instance an authentication, and you want to perform that before another operation have access to the peripheral.
• Readable and Writable characteristics: basically those two protocols will deal in reading a Data object to the concrete type you want or writing your concrete type into a Data object.
• Simplified Error normalization and if you need more information you can always access the inner CBError
• Code coverage > 90%

INSTALLATION

Carthage

Add the following to your Cartfile:

github "DrAma999/LittleBlueTooth" ~> 0.7.1

Since the framework supports most of the Apple devices, you probably want to to build for a specific platform by adding the option --platform after the carthage update command. For instance:

carthage update --platform iOS`

This step is super-optional: The library has a sub-dependency with Nordic library Core Bluetooth Mock that helped me in creating unit tests, if you want to launch unit tests you must add this to your Cartfile and use the LittleBlueToothForTest product instead of LittleBlueTooth, note that this target is made only to run tests by using mocks.

Swift Package Manager

Add the following dependency to your Package.swift file:

.package(url: "https://github.com/DrAma999/LittleBlueTooth.git", from: "0.7.1")

Or simply add the URL from XCode menu Swift packages.

XCFramework

Already compiled XCFramework are avaible to be download in the release section of github.

HOW TO USE IT

Instantiate

Create a LittleBluetoothConfiguration object and pass it to the init method of LittleBlueTooth. All LittleBluetoothConfiguration properties are optional.

    var littleBTConf = LittleBluetoothConfiguration()
    littleBT = LittleBlueTooth(with: littleBTConf)

Scan

You can scan with or without a timeout, after a timeout you receive a .scanTimeout error. You can set up your timeout for each sort of operation, for instance for a scan:

anycanc = littleBT.startDiscovery(withServices: [littleChar.service])
.timeout(DispatchQueue.SchedulerTimeType.Stride(timeout.dispatchInterval), scheduler: DispatchQueue.main, options: nil, error: .scanTimeout)

Note that each peripheral found is published to the subscribers chain until you stop the scan request or you connect to a device (when you connect scan is automatically suspended.

Scan and stop:

        // Remember that the AnyCancellable resulting from the `sink` must have a strong reference
        // Also pay attention to eventual retain cycles
        anycanc = littleBT.startDiscovery(withServices: [littleChar.service])
        .filter { (discovery) -> Bool in
            print("discovery \(discovery)")
            if let name = discovery.advertisement.localName, name == "PunchLX" {
                return true
            }
            return false
        }
        .flatMap{ (discovery) -> AnyPublisher<PeripheralDiscovery, LittleBluetoothError> in
            print("Discovery: \(discovery)")
            return self.littleBT.stopDiscovery()map {discovery}.eraseToAnyPublisher()
        }
        .sink(receiveCompletion: { result in
            print("Result: \(result)")
            switch result {
            case .finished:
                break
            case .failure(let error):
                // Handle errors
                print("Error: \(error)")
            }
        }, receiveValue: { (periph) in
            print("Discovered Peripheral \(periph)")
        })

Scan with connection:

The scan process is automatically stopped once you start the connection command.

        // Remember that the AnyCancellable resulting from the `sink` must have a strong reference
        // Also pay attention to eventual retain cycles
        anycanc = littleBT.startDiscovery(withServices: [littleChar.service])
        .filter { (discovery) -> Bool in
            print("discovery \(discovery)")
            if let name = discovery.advertisement.localName, name == "PunchLX" {
                return true
            }
            return false
        }
        .flatMap { (discovery)-> AnyPublisher<Peripheral, LittleBluetoothError> in
            self.littleBT.connect(to: discovery)
        }
        .sink(receiveCompletion: { result in
            print("Result: \(result)")
            switch result {
            case .finished:
                break
            case .failure(let error):
                // Handle errors
            }
        }, receiveValue: { (periph) in
            print("Connected Peripheral \(periph)")
        })

Scan with peripherals buffer:

        // Remember that the AnyCancellable resulting from the `sink` must have a strong reference
        // Also pay attention to eventual retain cycles
        anycanc = littleBT.startDiscovery(withServices: [littleChar.service])
        .collect(10)
        .map{ (discoveries) -> AnyPublisher<[PeripheralDiscovery], LittleBluetoothError> in
            print("Discoveries: \(discoveries)")
            return self.littleBT.stopDiscovery().map {discoveries}.eraseToAnyPublisher()
        }
        .sink(receiveCompletion: { result in
            print("Result: \(result)")
            switch result {
            case .finished:
                break
            case .failure(let error):
                // Handle errors
                print("Error: \(error)")
            }
        }, receiveValue: { (peripherals) in
            print("Discovered Peripherals \(peripherals)")
        })

Connect

Connection from discovery:

A PeripheralDiscovery is a representation of what you usually get from a scan, it has the UUID of the peripheral and the advertising info.

        // Taken a discovery from scan
        anycanc = self.littleBT.connect(to: discovery)
        .sink(receiveCompletion: { result in
            print("Result: \(result)")
            switch result {
            case .finished:
                break
            case .failure(let error):
                // Handle errors
            }
        }, receiveValue: { (periph) in
            print("Connected Peripheral \(periph)")
        })

Direct connection from peripheral identifier:

PeripheralIdentifier is a wrapper around a CBPeripheral identifier, this allows you to connect to a peripheral just knowing the UUID of the peripheral.

         anycanc = self.littleBT.connect(to: peripheralIs)
        .sink(receiveCompletion: { result in
            print("Result: \(result)")
            switch result {
            case .finished:
                break
            case .failure(let error):
                // Handle errors
            }
        }, receiveValue: { (periph) in
            print("Connected Peripheral \(periph)")
        })

Read

Reading from a characteristic:

To read from a characteristic first you have to create an instance of LittleBluetoothCharacteristic and define the data you want to read.

let littleChar = LittleBlueToothCharacteristic(characteristic: "19B10011-E8F2-537E-4F6C-D104768A1214", for: "19B10010-E8F2-537E-4F6C-D104768A1214")

The class or struct that you want to read must conform to the Readable protocol, basically it means that it can be instantiated from a Data object.

For example here I’m declaring and Acceleration struct that contains acceleration data from a sensor.

struct Acceleration: Readable {
    let measureAx: Float
    let measureAy: Float
    let measureAz: Float
    let measureGx: Float
    let measureGy: Float
    let measureGz: Float

    let timestamp: TimeInterval

    init(from bluetoothData: Data) throws {
        let timeInt: UInt32 = try bluetoothData.extract(start: 0, length: 4)
        timestamp = TimeInterval(exactly: timeInt.littleEndian)! / 1000.0
        var measureInt: Int16 = try bluetoothData.extract(start: 4, length: 2)
        measureAx = Float(measureInt.littleEndian) / 100.0
        measureInt = try bluetoothData.extract(start: 6, length: 2)
        measureAy = Float(measureInt.littleEndian) / 100.0
        measureInt = try bluetoothData.extract(start: 8, length: 2)
        measureAz = Float(measureInt.littleEndian) / 100.0
        var measureGyroInt: Int32 = try bluetoothData.extract(start: 10, length: 4)
        measureGx = Float(measureGyroInt.littleEndian) / 100.0
        measureGyroInt = try bluetoothData.extract(start: 14, length: 4)
        measureGy = Float(measureGyroInt.littleEndian) / 100.0
        measureGyroInt = try bluetoothData.extract(start: 18, length: 4)
        measureGz = Float(measureGyroInt.littleEndian) / 100.0
    }

}

After that, is just a matter of call the read method.

        anycanc = littleBT.startDiscovery(withServices: [littleChar.service])
        .filter { (discovery) -> Bool in
            if let name = discovery.advertisement.localName, name == "PunchLX" {
                return true
            }
            return false
        }
        .flatMap { (discovery)-> AnyPublisher<Peripheral, LittleBluetoothError> in
            self.littleBT.connect(to: discovery)
        }
        .flatMap{_ -> AnyPublisher<LedState, LittleBluetoothError> in
            self.littleBT.read(from: self.littleChar)
        }
        .sink(receiveCompletion: { result in
            print("Result: \(result)")
            switch result {
            case .finished:
                break
            case .failure(let error):
                print("Error: \(error)")
                // Handle error
            }
        }, receiveValue: { (acc) in
            print("Read \(acc)")
        })

Write

Writing to a characteristic:

To write to a characteristic first you have to create an instance of LittleBluetoothCharacteristic and define the data you want to read.

let littleChar = LittleBlueToothCharacteristic(characteristic: "19B10011-E8F2-537E-4F6C-D104768A1214", for: "19B10010-E8F2-537E-4F6C-D104768A1214")

The class or struct that you want to write must conform to the Writable protocol, basically it means that it can be converted to a Data object.

For example here I’m declaring an object that simply turns on and off a LED.

struct LedState: Writable {
    let isOn: Bool
    var data: Data {
        return isOn ? Data([0x01]) : Data([0x00])
    }
}

After that is just a matter of call the write publisher.

littleBT.write(to: charateristic, value: ledState)

WriteAndListen:

Sometimes you need to write a command to a “Control point” and read the subsequent reply from the BT device. This means attach yourself as a listener to a characteristic, write the command and wait for the reply. This process has been made super simple by using “write and listen”.

        anycanc = littleBT.startDiscovery(withServices: nil, options: [CBCentralManagerScanOptionAllowDuplicatesKey : false])
        .flatMap { discovery in
            self.littleBT.connect(to: discovery)
        }
        .flatMap { _ in
            self.littleBT.writeAndListen(from: littleCharateristic, value: ledState)
        }
        .sink(receiveCompletion: { completion in
            print("Result: \(result)")
            switch result {
            case .finished:
                break
            case .failure(let error):
                print("Error: \(error)")
                // Handle error
            }
        }) { (answer: LedState) in
            print("Answer \(answer)")            
        }

Listen

You can listen to a charcteristic in different ways.

Listen:

After creating your LittleCharacteristic instance, then send the startListen(from:) and attach the subscriber. Of course the object you want to read must conform the Readable object.

anycanc = littleBT.startDiscovery(withServices: [littleChar.service])
.filter { (discovery) -> Bool in
    print("discovery \(discovery)")
    if let name = discovery.advertisement.localName, name == "PunchLX" {
        return true
    }
    return false
}
.flatMap { (discovery)-> AnyPublisher<Peripheral, LittleBluetoothError> in
    self.littleBT.connect(to: discovery)
}
.flatMap{_ -> AnyPublisher<LedState, LittleBluetoothError>in
    self.littleBT.startListen(from: self.littleChar)
}
.sink(receiveCompletion: { result in
    print("Result: \(result)")
}, receiveValue: { (acc) in
    print("Read \(acc)")
})

Note: if you stop listening to a characteristic, it doesn’t matter if you have more subscribers. The listen process will stop. It’ s up you to provide the business logic to avoid this behavior.

Connectable listen:

After creating your LittleCharacteristic instance, then send the connectableListenPublisher(for: valueType:). Of course the object you want to read must conform the Readable object. This is usefull when you want to create more subscribers and attach them later. When you are ready just call the connect() method and notifications will start to stream.

let connectable = littleBT.connectableListenPublisher(for: charateristic, valueType: ButtonState.self)

// First subscriber
connectable
.sink(receiveCompletion: { completion in
    print("Completion \(completion)")
}) { (answer) in
    print("Sub1 \(answer)")
}
.store(in: &disposeBag)

// Second subscriber
connectable
.sink(receiveCompletion: { completion in
    print("Completion \(completion)")
}) { (answer) in
  print("Sub2: \(answer)")
}
.store(in: &disposeBag)


littleBT.startDiscovery(withServices: nil, options: [CBCentralManagerScanOptionAllowDuplicatesKey : false])
.map { disc -> PeripheralDiscovery in
    print("Discovery discovery \(disc)")
    return disc
}
.flatMap { discovery in
    self.littleBT.connect(to: discovery)
}
.map { _ -> Void in
    self.cancellable = connectable.connect()
    return ()
}
.sink(receiveCompletion: { completion in
    print("Completion \(completion)")
}) { (answer) in
    print("Answer \(answer)")
}
.store(in: &disposeBag)

Multiple listen:

If you need to receive more notifications on just one subscriber this publisher is made for you. Just activate one or more notification and subscribe to the listenPublisher publisher. It starts to stream all notifications once a peripheral is connected automatically. Now, it's your responsability to filter and converting Data object from CBCharacteristic to your type.

// First publisher
littleBT.listenPublisher
.filter { charact -> Bool in
        charact.id == charateristicOne.id
}
.tryMap { (characteristic) -> ButtonState in
        try characteristic.value()
}
.mapError { (error) -> LittleBluetoothError in
    if let er = error as? LittleBluetoothError {
        return er
    }
    return .emptyData
}
.sink(receiveCompletion: { completion in
        print("Completion \(completion)")
    }) { (answer) in
        print("Sub1: \(answer)")
}
.store(in: &self.disposeBag)

// Second publisher
littleBT.listenPublisher
.filter { charact -> Bool in
        charact.id == charateristicOne.id
}
.tryMap { (characteristic) -> LedState in
    try characteristic.value()
}.mapError { (error) -> LittleBluetoothError in
    if let er = error as? LittleBluetoothError {
        return er
    }
    return .emptyData
}
.sink(receiveCompletion: { completion in
        print("Completion \(completion)")
    }) { (answer) in
        print("Sub2: \(answer)")
}
.store(in: &self.disposeBag)


littleBT.startDiscovery(withServices: nil, options: [CBCentralManagerScanOptionAllowDuplicatesKey : false])
.map { disc -> PeripheralDiscovery in
        print("Discovery discovery \(disc)")
        return disc
}
.flatMap { discovery in
    self.littleBT.connect(to: discovery)
}
.flatMap { periph in
    self.littleBT.enableListen(from: charateristicOne)
}
.flatMap { periph in
    self.littleBT.enableListen(from: charateristicTwo)
}
.sink(receiveCompletion: { completion in
    print("Completion \(completion)")
}) { (answer) in
  
}
.store(in: &disposeBag)

Disconnection

Disconnection can be explicit or unexpected. Explicit when you call the method:

 self.littleBT.disconnect()

Unexpected can be due for different reasons: device reset, device out of range etc

Indipendently if it is unexpected or explicit LittleBlueTooth will clean up everything after registering a disconnection.

Connection event observer

Connection event observer:

The connectionEventPublisher informs you about what happen while you are connected to a device. A connection event is defined by different states:

• .connected(CBPeripheral): a peripheral was connected after a connect command
• .autoConnected(CBPeripheral): a peripheral was connected automatically, this event is triggered when you use the autoconnectionHandler
• .ready(CBPeripheral): this state means that now you can send commands to a peripheral. Why ready and not just connected? because you could have been set some connectionTasks and ready means that, if they where present, they have been executed.
• .connectionFailed(CBPeripheral, error: LittleBluetoothError?): when during a connection something goes wrong
• .disconnected(CBPeripheral, error: LittleBluetoothError?): when a peripheral ha been disconnected could be from an explicit disconnection or unexpected disconnection

Peripheral state observer:

It can be used for more fine grained control over peripheral states, they comes from the CBPeripheralStates

Initialization operations

Sometimes after a connection you need to perform some repetitive task, for instance an authetication by sending a key or a NONCE. This operations are stored inside the connectionTasks property and excuted after a normal connection or from an autoconnection. All other operations will be excuted after this has been done.

Autoconnection

The autoconnection is managed by the autoconnectionHandler handler. You can inspect the error and decide if an automatic connection is necessary. If you return true the connection process will start, once the peripheral has been found a connection will be established. If you return false iOS will not try to establish a connection. Connection process will remain active also in background if the app has the right permission, to cancel just call disconnect. When a connection will be established an .autoConnected(PeripheralIdentifier) event will be streamed to the connectionEventPublisher If you want to cancel it you have to send an explicit disconnection.

Autoconnection will be interrupted in these condition:

App Permission	Conditions
App has no BT permission to run in bkg	Explicit disconnection, App killed by user/system, when suspended
App has BT permission to run in bkg	Explicit disconnection, App killed by user/system
App has BT permission to run in bkg and state restoration enable	Explicit disconnection, App killed by user

State preservation and state restoration

First read Apple documentation here, here and my article on Medium.

To make state restoration/preservation work, first you must instantiate LittleBluetTooth with a dictionary that contains for the key CBCentralManagerOptionRestoreIdentifierKey a specific string identifier by using the LittleBluetoothConfiguration and you must add a handler that it will be called during state restoration. You MUST also opt-in for bluetooth LE accessories in background. Must be also noted that state restoration works always not only in background, for instance if you kill the application using the swipe, the next time you relaunch it the Central Manager will return the previous state, you must consider that. If you only want some operations to be run in background, just ask the UIApplication state and apply your business logic.

If your app is woken up by a bluetooh event in background it will call the applicationDidFinishLauching along with a dictionary. Using this key, UIApplicationLaunchOptionsBluetoothCentralsKey, you receive an array of identifiers of CBCentralManager instances that were working before the app was closed. You have a chance to restore the LittleBlueTooth central manger by extracting the identifer from the launching option dictionary and passing it to the LittleBlueToothConfiguration (or you can simply instantiate using a constant). If an state restoration event is triggered the handler will receive a Restored object. A restored object con be a Peripheral along with its instance or a scan along with the discovery publisher that will publish all the discovered peripherals. A peripheral will be ruturned even if it is has been disconnected. To be notified again about peripheral state please subscribe to the connectionEventPublisher only if the peripheral is in a ready state is possible to send other command.

If you don't want LittleBluetooth to manage state restoration, you can subscribe to the restoreStatePublisher publisher, you will receive a CentralRestorer object that contains all the necessary information to manage state restoration by yourself. Note:

• Restoration can happen in background and foreground
• The Peripheral object returned can be in different state depending on what has been restored. If a peripheral has been disconnected and an autoconnectionHandler is provided LittleBluetooth will try to re-establish a connection.

CBCentralManager CBPeripheral extraction

Sometimes it could be uselful to extract an already connected peripheral and a central manger and pass them to another framework. For instance if you need to make an OTA firmware update using the nordic library this would be required. The extraction is made exaclty for this purpuse.

let extractedState = littleBT.extract() 

Before extraction you need to stop listen to all the characteristics you where listening to. The extracted state is a tuple (central: CBCentralManager, peripheral: CBPeripheral?) that contains the used CBCentralManger and a CBPeripheral if connected. You can also restart LittleBlueTooth instance by passing the same object that you have extracted.

self.littleBT.restart(with: extractedState.central, peripheral: extractedState.peripheral)

CUSTOM COMBINE OPERATOR

Most of the functionalities are also wrapped inside custom operators.

Scan

The constant StartLittleBlueTooth is a syntatic sugar that helps you prepare the pipeline with correct error type:

StartLittleBlueTooth
.startDiscovery(for: self.littleBT, withServices: [CBUUID(string: HRMCostants.HRMService)])
.prefix(1)
// ...

The .startDiscovery operator can return multiple discoveries at different times it's up to you to take the correct results, by collecting, filtering, prefixing before connecting at the next step.

Connect

After getting a PeripheralDiscovery or a PeripheralIdentifier you can connect to that deveice.

StartLittleBlueTooth
.startDiscovery(for: self.littleBT, withServices: [CBUUID(string: HRMCostants.HRMService)])
.prefix(1)
.connect(for: self.littleBT)
// .sink( ...

Read

To read is simple as:

StartLittleBlueTooth
           .read(for: self.littleBT, from: hrmSensorChar)
           .sink(receiveCompletion: { (result) in
               print("Result: \(result)")
               switch result {
               case .finished:
                   break
               case .failure(let error):
                   print("Error while changing sensor position: \(error)")
                   break
               }
               
           }) { (value: HeartRateSensorPositionResponse) in // Specify the concrete type
               print("Value: \(value)")
       }
       .store(in: &disposeBag)

Note that to make the compiler understand the generic type of the function at the next step you probably need to specify the concrete type.

Write

StartLittleBlueTooth
          .write(for: self.littleBT, to: hrmControlPointChar, value: UInt8(0x01))
          .sink(receiveCompletion: { (result) in
              print("Result: \(result)")
              switch result {
              case .finished:
                  break
              case .failure(let error):
                  print("Error while writing control point: \(error)")
                  break
              }
              
          }) {}
      .store(in: &disposeBag)

Listen

To listen directly (enable and get results) from a characteristic:

StartLittleBlueTooth
.startListen(for: self.littleBT, from: hrmRateChar)
.sink(receiveCompletion: { (result) in
        print("Result: \(result)")
        switch result {
        case .finished:
            break
        case .failure(let error):
            print("Error while trying to listen: \(error)")
        }
}) { (value: HeartRateMeasurementResponse) in
    self.hrmRateLabel.text = String(value.value)
}
.store(in: &disposeBag)

To enable listen on a characteristic and attach before or later on the littleBT.listenPublisher

.enableListen(for: self.littleBT, from: charateristicOne)

To stop:

.disableListen(for: self.littleBT, from: hrmRateChar)

Disconnect

To disconnect from a device simply call:

.disconnect(for: self.littleBT)

Note

To start operations using a publisher or a custom operator you must attach a subscriber. And the result AnyCancellable must be store in a property or in a disposebag, you must guarantee the existance of the pipeline untill the end.

DOCUMENTATION

Jazzy doc is available here

SAMPLE APPLICATION

A sample application can be download here. It requires also to adownload an application for macOS or iOS to simulate a heart rate monitor.

ROADMAP

• SwiftPM support
• State preservation and state restoration
• Improve code coverage
• CBManager and CBPeripheral extraction
• Add support to: macOS, watchOS, tvOS, macOS catalyst
• Implement custom operator

ISSUES

Please use Github, explaining what you did, how you did, what you expect and what you get.

CONTRIBUTING

Since I'm working on this project in my spare time any help is appreciated. Feel free to make a pull request.

THANKS

This work would have never been possible without looking at the library RXBluetooth Kit from Polidea (check it if you need to deploy on lower target) and Bluejay, another amazing library for iOS.

Icon made by  Freepik  from  www.flaticon.com

LICENSE

MIT License

Copyright (c) 2020 Andrea Finollo

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.