feat: compact multiproof

[wemeetagain]

Motivation

We want to support serving dynamic state/block multiproofs in Lodestar. The current approach is to request a proof as a list of "paths" into the state. Eg: [ ["validators", 1000, "exitEpoch"], ["slot"] ]. These paths are converted into generalized indices, which are then used as input in this library to create a proof.

This works for prototyping but it has several drawbacks.

First is that it is far from succinct as far as what's sent over the wire. Generally its just inefficient to send the textual representation of the requested items, even though it's convenient for human readability. There's also a lot of duplication when nested siblings are requested.

There's also a larger burden on the proof server, with more work to perform, and more that can go wrong. The paths must be validated (and in lodestar's case, converted to camel case). The paths must be converted into generalized indices. The helper indices must be calculated. All indices must be sorted for efficient traversal through the tree. And only then can the proof be generated.

In the longer term, we'd like a format that's more succinct and more performant for proof servers.

This is one such format. With this format, the request is in the form of a "proof descriptor", a bitstring, that describes the shape of the requested proof.
Not only is this very efficient over the wire, it also removes the vast majority of preprocessing work required by the proof server.

The proof descriptor only requires 2 bits per node included in the proof.
And the server only needs to validate the descriptor and can immediately generate the proof.

Description

Implementation of the proof format described in ethereum/consensus-specs#3148

See:

• The proof format: Request-friendly multiproofs ethereum/consensus-specs#3148
• Where it will be used: Add block/state multiproof request/subscription feature (WIP) ethereum/beacon-APIs#267

Results from the benchmarks:

    ✓ multiproof - depth 15, 1 requested leaves                           86445.37 ops/s    11.56800 us/op        -      60909 runs  0.809 s
    ✓ tree offset multiproof - depth 15, 1 requested leaves               38801.80 ops/s    25.77200 us/op        -      36924 runs   1.01 s
    ✓ compact multiproof - depth 15, 1 requested leaves                   205549.8 ops/s    4.865000 us/op        -      83819 runs   1.31 s

    ✓ multiproof - depth 15, 4 requested leaves                           23612.75 ops/s    42.35000 us/op        -      63635 runs   2.96 s
    ✓ tree offset multiproof - depth 15, 4 requested leaves               17984.96 ops/s    55.60200 us/op        -      18659 runs   1.11 s
    ✓ compact multiproof - depth 15, 4 requested leaves                   130293.2 ops/s    7.675000 us/op        -      19724 runs  0.808 s

[render]

Your Render PR Server URL is https://simpleserialize-pr-292.onrender.com.

Follow its progress at https://dashboard.render.com/static/srv-cee8h014reb3l3t1nnmg.

[github-actions]

⚠️ Performance Alert ⚠️

Possible performance regression was detected for some benchmarks.
Benchmark result of this commit is worse than the previous benchmark result exceeding threshold.

Benchmark suite	Current: 7f3286f	Previous: 3827c01	Ratio
Copy Uint8Array 100000 slice arrayBuffer	365.58 us/op	88.178 us/op	4.15

Full benchmark results

Benchmark suite	Current: 7f3286f	Previous: 3827c01	Ratio
digestTwoHashObjects 50023 times	69.381 ms/op	68.925 ms/op	1.01
digest64 50023 times	72.317 ms/op	71.070 ms/op	1.02
digest 50023 times	72.034 ms/op	71.145 ms/op	1.01
input length 32	1.7640 us/op	1.7790 us/op	0.99
input length 64	1.8990 us/op	1.8060 us/op	1.05
input length 128	3.3330 us/op	3.2880 us/op	1.01
input length 256	4.9270 us/op	4.8930 us/op	1.01
input length 512	8.1840 us/op	8.0600 us/op	1.02
input length 1024	16.014 us/op	15.707 us/op	1.02
digest 1000000 times	1.2405 s/op	1.1386 s/op	1.09
hashObjectToByteArray 50023 times	2.8442 ms/op	1.9145 ms/op	1.49
byteArrayToHashObject 50023 times	3.5598 ms/op	2.1266 ms/op	1.67
getGindicesAtDepth	7.5110 us/op	5.3910 us/op	1.39
iterateAtDepth	15.166 us/op	11.112 us/op	1.36
getGindexBits	697.00 ns/op	545.00 ns/op	1.28
gindexIterator	1.5510 us/op	1.2900 us/op	1.20
hash 2 Uint8Array 2250026 times	3.3479 s/op	3.2779 s/op	1.02
hashTwoObjects 2250026 times	3.1199 s/op	3.1181 s/op	1.00
getNodeH() x7812.5 avg hindex	28.655 us/op	20.811 us/op	1.38
getNodeH() x7812.5 index 0	10.068 us/op	6.6980 us/op	1.50
getNodeH() x7812.5 index 7	10.070 us/op	6.6780 us/op	1.51
getNodeH() x7812.5 index 7 with key array	10.075 us/op	6.6780 us/op	1.51
new LeafNode() x7812.5	382.84 us/op	299.21 us/op	1.28
multiproof - depth 15, 1 requested leaves	17.089 us/op
tree offset multiproof - depth 15, 1 requested leaves	41.607 us/op
compact multiproof - depth 15, 1 requested leaves	9.1720 us/op
multiproof - depth 15, 2 requested leaves	25.570 us/op
tree offset multiproof - depth 15, 2 requested leaves	43.099 us/op
compact multiproof - depth 15, 2 requested leaves	4.4100 us/op
multiproof - depth 15, 3 requested leaves	33.041 us/op
tree offset multiproof - depth 15, 3 requested leaves	55.964 us/op
compact multiproof - depth 15, 3 requested leaves	10.171 us/op
multiproof - depth 15, 4 requested leaves	44.197 us/op
tree offset multiproof - depth 15, 4 requested leaves	72.156 us/op
compact multiproof - depth 15, 4 requested leaves	11.207 us/op
packedRootsBytesToLeafNodes bytes 4000 offset 0	4.5100 us/op	3.0240 us/op	1.49
packedRootsBytesToLeafNodes bytes 4000 offset 1	4.3580 us/op	2.7500 us/op	1.58
packedRootsBytesToLeafNodes bytes 4000 offset 2	4.3540 us/op	2.7320 us/op	1.59
packedRootsBytesToLeafNodes bytes 4000 offset 3	4.4330 us/op	2.7080 us/op	1.64
subtreeFillToContents depth 40 count 250000	87.522 ms/op	59.971 ms/op	1.46
setRoot - gindexBitstring	19.612 ms/op	14.169 ms/op	1.38
setRoot - gindex	17.214 ms/op	15.370 ms/op	1.12
getRoot - gindexBitstring	4.0352 ms/op	2.6877 ms/op	1.50
getRoot - gindex	5.0341 ms/op	4.0390 ms/op	1.25
getHashObject then setHashObject	22.206 ms/op	16.099 ms/op	1.38
setNodeWithFn	16.647 ms/op	15.304 ms/op	1.09
getNodeAtDepth depth 0 x100000	2.6838 ms/op	1.6302 ms/op	1.65
setNodeAtDepth depth 0 x100000	5.1718 ms/op	3.9456 ms/op	1.31
getNodesAtDepth depth 0 x100000	2.3647 ms/op	1.4113 ms/op	1.68
setNodesAtDepth depth 0 x100000	2.9282 ms/op	1.9585 ms/op	1.50
getNodeAtDepth depth 1 x100000	2.8268 ms/op	1.7233 ms/op	1.64
setNodeAtDepth depth 1 x100000	11.849 ms/op	8.9048 ms/op	1.33
getNodesAtDepth depth 1 x100000	2.3996 ms/op	1.5924 ms/op	1.51
setNodesAtDepth depth 1 x100000	10.004 ms/op	6.8057 ms/op	1.47
getNodeAtDepth depth 2 x100000	3.4218 ms/op	2.1817 ms/op	1.57
setNodeAtDepth depth 2 x100000	19.214 ms/op	14.901 ms/op	1.29
getNodesAtDepth depth 2 x100000	34.459 ms/op	27.747 ms/op	1.24
setNodesAtDepth depth 2 x100000	24.925 ms/op	23.560 ms/op	1.06
tree.getNodesAtDepth - gindexes	11.251 ms/op	7.7296 ms/op	1.46
tree.getNodesAtDepth - push all nodes	3.3311 ms/op	2.9937 ms/op	1.11
tree.getNodesAtDepth - navigation	202.85 us/op	201.33 us/op	1.01
tree.setNodesAtDepth - indexes	738.01 us/op	552.48 us/op	1.34
set at depth 8	943.00 ns/op	749.00 ns/op	1.26
set at depth 16	1.0870 us/op	1.0760 us/op	1.01
set at depth 32	2.1770 us/op	1.6850 us/op	1.29
iterateNodesAtDepth 8 256	30.833 us/op	19.198 us/op	1.61
getNodesAtDepth 8 256	7.6460 us/op	4.6400 us/op	1.65
iterateNodesAtDepth 16 65536	8.3787 ms/op	5.5466 ms/op	1.51
getNodesAtDepth 16 65536	2.9177 ms/op	2.1179 ms/op	1.38
iterateNodesAtDepth 32 250000	28.917 ms/op	19.903 ms/op	1.45
getNodesAtDepth 32 250000	9.1201 ms/op	5.4644 ms/op	1.67
iterateNodesAtDepth 40 250000	29.084 ms/op	19.918 ms/op	1.46
getNodesAtDepth 40 250000	8.9824 ms/op	5.5201 ms/op	1.63
250k validators	3.7062 s/op	3.3535 s/op	1.11
bitlist bytes to struct (120,90)	1.3510 us/op	1.0950 us/op	1.23
bitlist bytes to tree (120,90)	5.8130 us/op	4.5570 us/op	1.28
bitlist bytes to struct (2048,2048)	2.6500 us/op	1.8890 us/op	1.40
bitlist bytes to tree (2048,2048)	7.4550 us/op	6.0480 us/op	1.23
ByteListType - deserialize	21.825 ms/op	15.802 ms/op	1.38
BasicListType - deserialize	27.639 ms/op	14.388 ms/op	1.92
ByteListType - serialize	21.330 ms/op	15.635 ms/op	1.36
BasicListType - serialize	24.778 ms/op	17.019 ms/op	1.46
BasicListType - tree_convertToStruct	57.683 ms/op	35.988 ms/op	1.60
List[uint8, 68719476736] len 300000 ViewDU.getAll() + iterate	7.7310 ms/op	4.6030 ms/op	1.68
List[uint8, 68719476736] len 300000 ViewDU.get(i)	7.9861 ms/op	4.5288 ms/op	1.76
Array.push len 300000 empty Array - number	10.599 ms/op	7.8369 ms/op	1.35
Array.set len 300000 from new Array - number	2.9729 ms/op	2.0188 ms/op	1.47
Array.set len 300000 - number	9.1734 ms/op	6.4747 ms/op	1.42
Uint8Array.set len 300000	308.25 us/op	234.71 us/op	1.31
Uint32Array.set len 300000	481.30 us/op	298.41 us/op	1.61
Container({a: uint8, b: uint8}) getViewDU x300000	38.216 ms/op	30.255 ms/op	1.26
ContainerNodeStruct({a: uint8, b: uint8}) getViewDU x300000	15.463 ms/op	12.252 ms/op	1.26
List(Container) len 300000 ViewDU.getAllReadonly() + iterate	450.35 ms/op	328.79 ms/op	1.37
List(Container) len 300000 ViewDU.getAllReadonlyValues() + iterate	579.29 ms/op	392.10 ms/op	1.48
List(Container) len 300000 ViewDU.get(i)	15.148 ms/op	8.9700 ms/op	1.69
List(Container) len 300000 ViewDU.getReadonly(i)	15.555 ms/op	8.5418 ms/op	1.82
List(ContainerNodeStruct) len 300000 ViewDU.getAllReadonly() + iterate	67.130 ms/op	38.515 ms/op	1.74
List(ContainerNodeStruct) len 300000 ViewDU.getAllReadonlyValues() + iterate	9.7085 ms/op	6.6001 ms/op	1.47
List(ContainerNodeStruct) len 300000 ViewDU.get(i)	12.489 ms/op	8.4549 ms/op	1.48
List(ContainerNodeStruct) len 300000 ViewDU.getReadonly(i)	12.579 ms/op	8.2243 ms/op	1.53
Array.push len 300000 empty Array - object	9.5360 ms/op	7.2494 ms/op	1.32
Array.set len 300000 from new Array - object	3.4756 ms/op	2.4395 ms/op	1.42
Array.set len 300000 - object	9.8818 ms/op	7.0712 ms/op	1.40
cachePermanentRootStruct no cache	14.702 us/op	13.058 us/op	1.13
cachePermanentRootStruct with cache	363.00 ns/op	278.00 ns/op	1.31
epochParticipation len 250000 rws 7813	3.9025 ms/op	3.0660 ms/op	1.27
deserialize Attestation - tree	5.3270 us/op	4.1150 us/op	1.29
deserialize Attestation - struct	3.6230 us/op	2.8120 us/op	1.29
deserialize SignedAggregateAndProof - tree	6.8730 us/op	5.3140 us/op	1.29
deserialize SignedAggregateAndProof - struct	5.7390 us/op	4.4430 us/op	1.29
deserialize SyncCommitteeMessage - tree	1.8320 us/op	1.6290 us/op	1.12
deserialize SyncCommitteeMessage - struct	2.1900 us/op	1.7340 us/op	1.26
deserialize SignedContributionAndProof - tree	3.4290 us/op	2.7760 us/op	1.24
deserialize SignedContributionAndProof - struct	5.0250 us/op	3.7240 us/op	1.35
deserialize SignedBeaconBlock - tree	390.68 us/op	292.74 us/op	1.33
deserialize SignedBeaconBlock - struct	254.76 us/op	186.80 us/op	1.36
BeaconState vc 300000 - deserialize tree	1.1778 s/op	766.16 ms/op	1.54
BeaconState vc 300000 - serialize tree	324.14 ms/op	233.61 ms/op	1.39
BeaconState.historicalRoots vc 300000 - deserialize tree	1.7470 us/op	1.4380 us/op	1.21
BeaconState.historicalRoots vc 300000 - serialize tree	1.7450 us/op	1.4630 us/op	1.19
BeaconState.validators vc 300000 - deserialize tree	1.1286 s/op	799.94 ms/op	1.41
BeaconState.validators vc 300000 - serialize tree	309.44 ms/op	197.61 ms/op	1.57
BeaconState.balances vc 300000 - deserialize tree	45.801 ms/op	34.743 ms/op	1.32
BeaconState.balances vc 300000 - serialize tree	7.2870 ms/op	3.4215 ms/op	2.13
BeaconState.previousEpochParticipation vc 300000 - deserialize tree	884.83 us/op	452.78 us/op	1.95
BeaconState.previousEpochParticipation vc 300000 - serialize tree	532.63 us/op	340.49 us/op	1.56
BeaconState.currentEpochParticipation vc 300000 - deserialize tree	887.01 us/op	443.33 us/op	2.00
BeaconState.currentEpochParticipation vc 300000 - serialize tree	530.51 us/op	330.21 us/op	1.61
BeaconState.inactivityScores vc 300000 - deserialize tree	43.837 ms/op	29.382 ms/op	1.49
BeaconState.inactivityScores vc 300000 - serialize tree	7.8690 ms/op	3.4932 ms/op	2.25
hashTreeRoot Attestation - struct	55.478 us/op	39.579 us/op	1.40
hashTreeRoot Attestation - tree	38.447 us/op	29.644 us/op	1.30
hashTreeRoot SignedAggregateAndProof - struct	79.630 us/op	61.759 us/op	1.29
hashTreeRoot SignedAggregateAndProof - tree	45.745 us/op	43.120 us/op	1.06
hashTreeRoot SyncCommitteeMessage - struct	18.726 us/op	13.391 us/op	1.40
hashTreeRoot SyncCommitteeMessage - tree	9.8270 us/op	9.5530 us/op	1.03
hashTreeRoot SignedContributionAndProof - struct	51.799 us/op	37.782 us/op	1.37
hashTreeRoot SignedContributionAndProof - tree	35.490 us/op	29.775 us/op	1.19
hashTreeRoot SignedBeaconBlock - struct	4.3781 ms/op	3.3230 ms/op	1.32
hashTreeRoot SignedBeaconBlock - tree	2.6281 ms/op	2.5657 ms/op	1.02
hashTreeRoot Validator - struct	22.002 us/op	18.342 us/op	1.20
hashTreeRoot Validator - tree	18.413 us/op	16.208 us/op	1.14
BeaconState vc 300000 - hashTreeRoot tree	5.9144 s/op	5.3286 s/op	1.11
BeaconState.historicalRoots vc 300000 - hashTreeRoot tree	2.2460 us/op	2.1690 us/op	1.04
BeaconState.validators vc 300000 - hashTreeRoot tree	5.6708 s/op	5.0600 s/op	1.12
BeaconState.balances vc 300000 - hashTreeRoot tree	144.23 ms/op	132.52 ms/op	1.09
BeaconState.previousEpochParticipation vc 300000 - hashTreeRoot tree	14.520 ms/op	13.893 ms/op	1.05
BeaconState.currentEpochParticipation vc 300000 - hashTreeRoot tree	14.367 ms/op	13.961 ms/op	1.03
BeaconState.inactivityScores vc 300000 - hashTreeRoot tree	142.50 ms/op	141.04 ms/op	1.01
hash64 x18	31.029 us/op	27.808 us/op	1.12
hashTwoObjects x18	28.969 us/op	27.105 us/op	1.07
hash64 x1740	2.7250 ms/op	2.6305 ms/op	1.04
hashTwoObjects x1740	2.6920 ms/op	2.6075 ms/op	1.03
hash64 x2700000	4.2480 s/op	4.0696 s/op	1.04
hashTwoObjects x2700000	4.1787 s/op	4.0423 s/op	1.03
get_exitEpoch - ContainerType	555.00 ns/op	445.00 ns/op	1.25
get_exitEpoch - ContainerNodeStructType	462.00 ns/op	376.00 ns/op	1.23
set_exitEpoch - ContainerType	499.00 ns/op	438.00 ns/op	1.14
set_exitEpoch - ContainerNodeStructType	369.00 ns/op	401.00 ns/op	0.92
get_pubkey - ContainerType	1.7980 us/op	1.5990 us/op	1.12
get_pubkey - ContainerNodeStructType	349.00 ns/op	288.00 ns/op	1.21
hashTreeRoot - ContainerType	557.00 ns/op	454.00 ns/op	1.23
hashTreeRoot - ContainerNodeStructType	615.00 ns/op	509.00 ns/op	1.21
createProof - ContainerType	7.6120 us/op	6.7420 us/op	1.13
createProof - ContainerNodeStructType	41.255 us/op	33.656 us/op	1.23
serialize - ContainerType	3.7980 us/op	2.8490 us/op	1.33
serialize - ContainerNodeStructType	2.8290 us/op	2.2840 us/op	1.24
set_exitEpoch_and_hashTreeRoot - ContainerType	6.8720 us/op	6.1570 us/op	1.12
set_exitEpoch_and_hashTreeRoot - ContainerNodeStructType	19.425 us/op	17.087 us/op	1.14
Array - for of	20.202 us/op	6.8850 us/op	2.93
Array - for(;;)	18.667 us/op	6.4890 us/op	2.88
basicListValue.readonlyValuesArray()	6.5802 ms/op	4.2707 ms/op	1.54
basicListValue.readonlyValuesArray() + loop all	6.9480 ms/op	4.3548 ms/op	1.60
compositeListValue.readonlyValuesArray()	67.282 ms/op	31.718 ms/op	2.12
compositeListValue.readonlyValuesArray() + loop all	59.023 ms/op	31.377 ms/op	1.88
Number64UintType - get balances list	6.6654 ms/op	5.4200 ms/op	1.23
Number64UintType - set balances list	16.435 ms/op	13.947 ms/op	1.18
Number64UintType - get and increase 10 then set	70.487 ms/op	50.297 ms/op	1.40
Number64UintType - increase 10 using applyDelta	30.301 ms/op	21.012 ms/op	1.44
Number64UintType - increase 10 using applyDeltaInBatch	28.733 ms/op	21.168 ms/op	1.36
tree_newTreeFromUint64Deltas	31.580 ms/op	22.856 ms/op	1.38
unsafeUint8ArrayToTree	57.632 ms/op	38.189 ms/op	1.51
bitLength(50)	350.00 ns/op	287.00 ns/op	1.22
bitLengthStr(50)	428.00 ns/op	295.00 ns/op	1.45
bitLength(8000)	355.00 ns/op	283.00 ns/op	1.25
bitLengthStr(8000)	579.00 ns/op	351.00 ns/op	1.65
bitLength(250000)	347.00 ns/op	275.00 ns/op	1.26
bitLengthStr(250000)	692.00 ns/op	416.00 ns/op	1.66
floor - Math.floor (53)	0.80500 ns/op	0.60262 ns/op	1.34
floor - << 0 (53)	0.80446 ns/op	0.60250 ns/op	1.34
floor - Math.floor (512)	0.80417 ns/op	0.60245 ns/op	1.33
floor - << 0 (512)	0.80294 ns/op	0.60252 ns/op	1.33
fnIf(0)	3.2162 ns/op	2.0079 ns/op	1.60
fnSwitch(0)	6.0282 ns/op	3.2910 ns/op	1.83
fnObj(0)	0.80444 ns/op	0.60245 ns/op	1.34
fnArr(0)	0.80393 ns/op	0.60256 ns/op	1.33
fnIf(4)	5.2255 ns/op	3.0684 ns/op	1.70
fnSwitch(4)	6.0281 ns/op	3.3023 ns/op	1.83
fnObj(4)	0.80325 ns/op	0.60246 ns/op	1.33
fnArr(4)	0.80408 ns/op	0.60246 ns/op	1.33
fnIf(9)	7.9883 ns/op	5.2231 ns/op	1.53
fnSwitch(9)	6.0309 ns/op	3.2846 ns/op	1.84
fnObj(9)	0.80441 ns/op	0.60259 ns/op	1.33
fnArr(9)	0.80422 ns/op	0.60263 ns/op	1.33
Container {a,b,vec} - as struct x100000	80.854 us/op	60.469 us/op	1.34
Container {a,b,vec} - as tree x100000	1.0036 ms/op	509.75 us/op	1.97
Container {a,vec,b} - as struct x100000	121.11 us/op	120.71 us/op	1.00
Container {a,vec,b} - as tree x100000	1.0842 ms/op	552.74 us/op	1.96
get 2 props x1000000 - rawObject	401.95 us/op	401.80 us/op	1.00
get 2 props x1000000 - proxy	161.04 ms/op	90.607 ms/op	1.78
get 2 props x1000000 - customObj	402.37 us/op	401.74 us/op	1.00
Simple object binary -> struct	1.0960 us/op	743.00 ns/op	1.48
Simple object binary -> tree_backed	3.1550 us/op	2.3040 us/op	1.37
Simple object struct -> tree_backed	4.2270 us/op	2.9940 us/op	1.41
Simple object tree_backed -> struct	3.6460 us/op	2.6050 us/op	1.40
Simple object struct -> binary	1.7790 us/op	1.3690 us/op	1.30
Simple object tree_backed -> binary	3.1890 us/op	2.3450 us/op	1.36
aggregationBits binary -> struct	1.0110 us/op	649.00 ns/op	1.56
aggregationBits binary -> tree_backed	4.4200 us/op	3.0920 us/op	1.43
aggregationBits struct -> tree_backed	5.2840 us/op	3.6840 us/op	1.43
aggregationBits tree_backed -> struct	2.1880 us/op	1.4820 us/op	1.48
aggregationBits struct -> binary	1.5320 us/op	1.0960 us/op	1.40
aggregationBits tree_backed -> binary	1.8700 us/op	1.4060 us/op	1.33
List(uint8) 100000 binary -> struct	2.3158 ms/op	1.6166 ms/op	1.43
List(uint8) 100000 binary -> tree_backed	183.96 us/op	123.91 us/op	1.48
List(uint8) 100000 struct -> tree_backed	2.5542 ms/op	1.6346 ms/op	1.56
List(uint8) 100000 tree_backed -> struct	1.8262 ms/op	1.1448 ms/op	1.60
List(uint8) 100000 struct -> binary	2.3192 ms/op	1.4833 ms/op	1.56
List(uint8) 100000 tree_backed -> binary	171.92 us/op	92.620 us/op	1.86
List(uint64Number) 100000 binary -> struct	2.0225 ms/op	1.4876 ms/op	1.36
List(uint64Number) 100000 binary -> tree_backed	6.5783 ms/op	4.4518 ms/op	1.48
List(uint64Number) 100000 struct -> tree_backed	9.8067 ms/op	5.4623 ms/op	1.80
List(uint64Number) 100000 tree_backed -> struct	3.6799 ms/op	2.4961 ms/op	1.47
List(uint64Number) 100000 struct -> binary	2.6761 ms/op	1.8293 ms/op	1.46
List(uint64Number) 100000 tree_backed -> binary	1.8995 ms/op	1.1315 ms/op	1.68
List(Uint64Bigint) 100000 binary -> struct	6.5409 ms/op	4.2967 ms/op	1.52
List(Uint64Bigint) 100000 binary -> tree_backed	6.4817 ms/op	4.2466 ms/op	1.53
List(Uint64Bigint) 100000 struct -> tree_backed	11.201 ms/op	7.6683 ms/op	1.46
List(Uint64Bigint) 100000 tree_backed -> struct	8.6045 ms/op	5.3639 ms/op	1.60
List(Uint64Bigint) 100000 struct -> binary	3.8632 ms/op	2.5965 ms/op	1.49
List(Uint64Bigint) 100000 tree_backed -> binary	2.0926 ms/op	1.0778 ms/op	1.94
Vector(Root) 100000 binary -> struct	67.403 ms/op	43.734 ms/op	1.54
Vector(Root) 100000 binary -> tree_backed	63.865 ms/op	37.478 ms/op	1.70
Vector(Root) 100000 struct -> tree_backed	77.922 ms/op	53.458 ms/op	1.46
Vector(Root) 100000 tree_backed -> struct	88.208 ms/op	59.620 ms/op	1.48
Vector(Root) 100000 struct -> binary	3.8549 ms/op	2.5082 ms/op	1.54
Vector(Root) 100000 tree_backed -> binary	16.794 ms/op	10.780 ms/op	1.56
List(Validator) 100000 binary -> struct	226.76 ms/op	155.31 ms/op	1.46
List(Validator) 100000 binary -> tree_backed	604.32 ms/op	418.05 ms/op	1.45
List(Validator) 100000 struct -> tree_backed	645.87 ms/op	444.36 ms/op	1.45
List(Validator) 100000 tree_backed -> struct	388.61 ms/op	255.34 ms/op	1.52
List(Validator) 100000 struct -> binary	56.861 ms/op	40.534 ms/op	1.40
List(Validator) 100000 tree_backed -> binary	179.25 ms/op	106.27 ms/op	1.69
List(Validator-NS) 100000 binary -> struct	246.33 ms/op	156.12 ms/op	1.58
List(Validator-NS) 100000 binary -> tree_backed	315.08 ms/op	218.43 ms/op	1.44
List(Validator-NS) 100000 struct -> tree_backed	397.85 ms/op	275.02 ms/op	1.45
List(Validator-NS) 100000 tree_backed -> struct	339.68 ms/op	231.04 ms/op	1.47
List(Validator-NS) 100000 struct -> binary	57.858 ms/op	42.179 ms/op	1.37
List(Validator-NS) 100000 tree_backed -> binary	69.438 ms/op	47.783 ms/op	1.45
get epochStatuses - MutableVector	144.74 us/op	99.716 us/op	1.45
get epochStatuses - ViewDU	334.54 us/op	289.61 us/op	1.16
set epochStatuses - ListTreeView	2.4963 ms/op	1.8332 ms/op	1.36
set epochStatuses - ListTreeView - set()	742.37 us/op	599.40 us/op	1.24
set epochStatuses - ListTreeView - commit()	825.23 us/op	538.69 us/op	1.53
bitstring	891.66 ns/op	925.38 ns/op	0.96
bit mask	16.185 ns/op	14.495 ns/op	1.12
struct - increase slot to 1000000	2.6015 ms/op	1.9066 ms/op	1.36
UintNumberType - increase slot to 1000000	57.602 ms/op	36.724 ms/op	1.57
UintBigintType - increase slot to 1000000	743.45 ms/op	546.15 ms/op	1.36
UintBigint8 x 100000 tree_deserialize	7.5463 ms/op	5.9588 ms/op	1.27
UintBigint8 x 100000 tree_serialize	2.3890 ms/op	1.4475 ms/op	1.65
UintBigint16 x 100000 tree_deserialize	6.9762 ms/op	5.9895 ms/op	1.16
UintBigint16 x 100000 tree_serialize	2.6670 ms/op	1.4680 ms/op	1.82
UintBigint32 x 100000 tree_deserialize	8.9576 ms/op	6.0984 ms/op	1.47
UintBigint32 x 100000 tree_serialize	2.4337 ms/op	1.4937 ms/op	1.63
UintBigint64 x 100000 tree_deserialize	11.085 ms/op	6.7938 ms/op	1.63
UintBigint64 x 100000 tree_serialize	3.1769 ms/op	1.9421 ms/op	1.64
UintBigint8 x 100000 value_deserialize	1.0378 ms/op	547.97 us/op	1.89
UintBigint8 x 100000 value_serialize	1.4375 ms/op	793.54 us/op	1.81
UintBigint16 x 100000 value_deserialize	1.1048 ms/op	601.16 us/op	1.84
UintBigint16 x 100000 value_serialize	1.6222 ms/op	873.24 us/op	1.86
UintBigint32 x 100000 value_deserialize	1.0094 ms/op	545.07 us/op	1.85
UintBigint32 x 100000 value_serialize	1.6577 ms/op	830.12 us/op	2.00
UintBigint64 x 100000 value_deserialize	1.1082 ms/op	605.13 us/op	1.83
UintBigint64 x 100000 value_serialize	1.8828 ms/op	1.0870 ms/op	1.73
UintBigint8 x 100000 deserialize	8.4837 ms/op	5.7161 ms/op	1.48
UintBigint8 x 100000 serialize	3.2970 ms/op	1.9719 ms/op	1.67
UintBigint16 x 100000 deserialize	8.8331 ms/op	5.7836 ms/op	1.53
UintBigint16 x 100000 serialize	3.0191 ms/op	2.0338 ms/op	1.48
UintBigint32 x 100000 deserialize	10.185 ms/op	6.8827 ms/op	1.48
UintBigint32 x 100000 serialize	5.2841 ms/op	3.6233 ms/op	1.46
UintBigint64 x 100000 deserialize	6.4496 ms/op	4.5472 ms/op	1.42
UintBigint64 x 100000 serialize	2.8913 ms/op	1.8719 ms/op	1.54
UintBigint128 x 100000 deserialize	10.291 ms/op	7.0155 ms/op	1.47
UintBigint128 x 100000 serialize	34.038 ms/op	21.263 ms/op	1.60
UintBigint256 x 100000 deserialize	18.938 ms/op	13.105 ms/op	1.45
UintBigint256 x 100000 serialize	102.18 ms/op	62.866 ms/op	1.63
Slice from Uint8Array x25000	2.0282 ms/op	1.3071 ms/op	1.55
Slice from ArrayBuffer x25000	34.101 ms/op	23.999 ms/op	1.42
Slice from ArrayBuffer x25000 + new Uint8Array	37.628 ms/op	24.204 ms/op	1.55
Copy Uint8Array 100000 iterate	1.7516 ms/op	1.0355 ms/op	1.69
Copy Uint8Array 100000 slice	172.35 us/op	87.685 us/op	1.97
Copy Uint8Array 100000 Uint8Array.prototype.slice.call	172.95 us/op	87.904 us/op	1.97
Copy Buffer 100000 Uint8Array.prototype.slice.call	172.34 us/op	89.300 us/op	1.93
Copy Uint8Array 100000 slice + set	398.65 us/op	190.22 us/op	2.10
Copy Uint8Array 100000 subarray + set	172.80 us/op	92.248 us/op	1.87
Copy Uint8Array 100000 slice arrayBuffer	365.58 us/op	88.178 us/op	4.15
Uint64 deserialize 100000 - iterate Uint8Array	2.6249 ms/op	1.9728 ms/op	1.33
Uint64 deserialize 100000 - by Uint32A	2.4333 ms/op	1.9491 ms/op	1.25
Uint64 deserialize 100000 - by DataView.getUint32 x2	2.6749 ms/op	1.9030 ms/op	1.41
Uint64 deserialize 100000 - by DataView.getBigUint64	8.0753 ms/op	5.7308 ms/op	1.41
Uint64 deserialize 100000 - by byte	82.343 ms/op	72.583 ms/op	1.13

by benchmarkbot/action

[dapplion]

Overall looks good! Haven't asserted correctness against the spec. Minor comment