finish cryo annex, rm acronym list from annex init

annex-cryo/chapter-cryosys.tex

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ \section{Steel Frame and Vapor Barrier}
 
 Each of the four identical cryostats will consist of two 
 major components: a steel outer frame (warm vessel) and 
-membrane cold vessel. The membrane cold vessel is based 
+membrane (cold vessel). The membrane cold vessel is based 
 on the technology used for liquefied natural gas (LNG) 
 storage and transport ships. It consists of an inner 
 stainless steel corrugated thin membrane in contact with 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ \section{Steel Frame and Vapor Barrier}
 represents a fully contained vessel with two independent 
 barriers.
 
-The function of steel warm vessel is to contain the membrane 
+The function of the steel warm vessel is to contain the membrane 
 vessel and provide mechanical support to it, while providing 
 also a gas barrier towards the outside. Figure~\ref{fig:SteelVessel} 
 below presents the layout of such an assembly which consists
@@ -92,10 +92,10 @@ \section{Steel Frame and Vapor Barrier}
 strength of 430 MPa and tensile strength of 510 MPa. The main 
 profile used is HL 1100$\times$548 or its ASTM alternative 
 W 44$\times$16$\times$368. Four profiles are bolted together, by 
-four bolting connections, forming a structural "portal". Each 
+four bolting connections, forming a structural ``portal.'' Each 
 bolting connection consists of 16 bolts (M42). The additional 
 grid is made of the IPE300 profile. The total self-weight of 
-the structure is approximately 2000 T.
+the structure is approximately 2000 t.
 
 The main advantage of this design is the fact that such a structure 
 can be fully decoupled from the civil engineering work related to
@@ -120,14 +120,14 @@ \section{Steel Frame and Vapor Barrier}
 codes have been adopted. The structure has been treated as a 
 low pressure vessel (<500 mbarg). 
 
-Approximately 18000 T of LAr is acting as load on the floor, i.e. 
-around 20 T/m$^{2}$. Approximately 8000 T of hydrostatic force is acting 
+Approximately 18,000 metric tons (t) of LAr is acting as load on the floor, i.e. 
+around 20 t/m$^{2}$. Approximately 8,000 t of hydrostatic force is acting 
 on each of the long walls, with triangular distribution over the 
-height, and around 2000 T of hydrostatic force is acting on each 
+height, and around 2000 t of hydrostatic force is acting on each 
 of the short walls.  Additionally a normal ullage operational pressure 
-of 75 mbarg (0.75 T/m$^{2}$) is considered, acting in addition on every 
+of 75 mbarg (0.75 t/m$^{2}$) is considered, acting in addition on every 
 wall. The structure has been also verified to accidental overpressure 
-of 350 mbarg (3.5 T/m$^{2}$), which is the maximum allowable working pressure 
+of 350 mbarg (3.5 t/m$^{2}$), which is the maximum allowable working pressure 
 of the cryostat.  The weight of the detector itself, as well as 
 seismic action, has been taken into account in the calculations.
 
@@ -163,9 +163,9 @@ \section{Steel Frame and Vapor Barrier}
 safety factor of 4 with respect to the tensile strength of the 
 chosen material. Additional bracing of the main profiles increases 
 the stability of the structure by factor 2.5, as verified with 
-stability analyses.  An additional optimization work aiming at 
+stability analyses.  Additional optimization work aimed at 
 reducing the global external dimensions as well as the self-weight 
-of the structure is also ongoing. 
+of the structure is ongoing. 
 
 \section{Insulation System and Secondary Membrane}
 \label{subsec:insul-2nd-mem}
@@ -203,9 +203,9 @@ \section{Insulation System and Secondary Membrane}
 \label{fig:vessel-corner} %fig from email from russ 10/25
 \end{figure}
 
-The secondary membrane is comprised of a thin aluminum sheet and 
+The secondary membrane is composed of a thin aluminum sheet and 
 fiberglass cloth. The fiberglass-aluminum-fiberglass composite is 
-very durable and flexible with an overall thickness of $\sim$1~mm.  
+very durable and flexible, with an overall thickness of $\sim$1~mm.  
 The secondary membrane is placed within the insulation space. It 
 surrounds the internal tank on the bottom and sides, and it 
 separates the insulation space into two distinct, leak-tight, 
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ \section{Insulation System and Secondary Membrane}
 \section{Cryostat Layers as Packaged Units}
 Membrane tank vendors have a ``cryostat in a kit'' design that 
 incorporates insulation and secondary barriers into packaged 
-units. See Figure~\ref{fig:gst-composite}.  
+units (see Figure~\ref{fig:gst-composite}).  
 Figure~\ref{fig:composite-sys-install} illustrates how these 
 layers would be used in the LBNF reference design.
 
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ \chapter{Cryogenic System Layout}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
 \centering
 \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fd-cryosys-equip-location} 
-\caption{Graphical illustrations showing major pieces of equipment and their location at the
+\caption[Major pieces of equipment and their locations]{Graphical illustrations showing major pieces of equipment and their locations at the
 surface, piping down the Ross shaft, and in the cavern area}
 \label{fig:eqp-at-surface}
 \end{figure}
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ \chapter{Pipework between Surface and Cavern}
 1.5 km vertical piping is an advantage over liquid transfer 
 because the hydrostatic head for gas only piping is on the order of
 0.05 MPa, whereas for the liquid transfer it is 20 MPa. If 
-liquid was transferred it would require on the order of
+liquid were transferred it would require on the order of
 seven pressure reducing stations evenly spaced along the vertical drop.
 Using liquid cryogen delivery was considered in the March 
 2012 LBNE CDR. However, the cost of providing 
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ \chapter{Pipework between Surface and Cavern}
 refrigerator and condenser.
 
 \begin{table}
-\caption{Piping between surface and cavern area; description, duty, 
+\caption[Piping between surface and cavern area]{Piping between surface and cavern area; description, duty, 
 and size and pressure required}
 \label{table:pipelines}
 \begin{tabular}[htbp]{|p{0.24\textwidth}|p{0.26\textwidth}|p{0.21\textwidth}|p{0.185\textwidth}|}
@@ -464,10 +464,10 @@ \chapter{Pipework between Surface and Cavern}
 in through Ross and Yates shafts
 %(100,000 cfm)
 and the exhaust
-air is drawn out of mine through Oro Hondo shaft.
+air is drawn out of the mine through the Oro Hondo shaft.
 %(290,000$-$500,000 cfm).
 The loss of mine ventilation for more than a few hours risks mine safety
-even without oxygen deficiency hazard (ODH) condition.
+even without oxygen deficiency hazard (ODH) conditions.
 %The loss of ventilation
 %could occur, when vent piping to exhaust shaft collapses due to
 %rockfall or significant events causing major damage on the facility
@@ -477,15 +477,15 @@ \chapter{Pipework between Surface and Cavern}
 
 A preliminary ODH assessment for 
 the piping in the Ross shaft has been done. If any of the pipes
-for the cryogenic system are ruptured in the shaft, they would
+for the cryogenic system were to rupture in the shaft, they would
 only be able to reduce the oxygen content to a fraction of 20.5\%, 
 thus not being an oxygen deficiency concern. The ODH mapping
 of underground cavern area is given in Chapter~\ref{sec:cryo-cryosys-esh}.
 
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
 \centering
 \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{ross-shaft-pipes.png} 
-\caption{The framing of the Ross shaft is shown on the left. The utility area in the upper
+\caption[Framing of the Ross shaft and piping]{The framing of the Ross shaft is shown on the left. The utility area in the upper
 right corner contains the piping
 associated with the cryogenic system.}
 \label{fig:framing-at-ross-piping}
@@ -627,7 +627,7 @@ \subsection{Initial Purge}
 of the air downward into the advancing argon so that the advancing pure
 argon-gas wave front will displace the air rather than just dilute it.
 A 2D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation of the purge process
-on the 5 kton fiducial-mass cryostat for LBNE shows that after 20 hours
+on the 5 kt fiducial-mass cryostat for LBNE shows that after 20 hours
 of purge time, and 1.5 volume changes, the air concentration will be
 reduced to less than 1\%. At 40 hours of elapsed time and three volume
 changes, the purge process is complete with residual air reduced to a
@@ -714,9 +714,9 @@ \subsection{Initial Cool-Down}
 
 \section{Liquid Argon Receipt}
 
-Each 10 kton fiducial mass membrane cryostat will hold an inventory 
-of 17.1~kton of liquid argon. Considering that some quantities will 
-be lost in transit, as a start (17.1+$\alpha$) kton of LAr will need to be 
+Each 10 kt fiducial mass membrane cryostat will hold an inventory 
+of 17.1~kt of liquid argon. Considering that some quantities will 
+be lost in transit, as a start (17.1+$\alpha$) kt of LAr will need to be 
 procured to fill the first cryostat. Planning the supply and logistics 
 of LAr delivery to the facility requires consideration of the following issues:
 
@@ -735,8 +735,8 @@ \section{Liquid Argon Receipt}
 on-site coarse purification
 \end{itemize}
 
-The current total argon capacity in the United States is approximately 5.2 kton/day, 
-whereas the demand is about 4.7 kton/day, which means 90\% capacity utilization in 
+The current total argon capacity in the United States is approximately 5.2 kt/day, 
+whereas the demand is about 4.7 kt/day, which means 90\% capacity utilization in 
 2015. Argon demand slowed down during recession (2008$-$2009), but has been 
 recovering strongly since 2010, especially in electronics and welding industries, 
 in a pace faster than capacity growth. Some capacity was taken offline in recession 
@@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ \section{Liquid Argon Receipt}
 procured from multiple vendors.  
 
 The most efficient mode of argon delivery seems to be
-over-the-road tank truck with a maximum capacity of 18.7~metric ton (MT).  
+over-the-road tank truck with a maximum capacity of 18.7~metric ton.  
 The expected number of such deliveries per cryostat is about 1000 
 over six to sixteen months (Find more details in 
 Chapter \ref{sec:cryo-cryosys-equip-cavern} and Section 
@@ -809,12 +809,14 @@ \section{Argon Reliquefaction and Pressure Control}
 During normal operation the expected heat ingress of approximately 
 69.9 kW to the argon system will result in 
 an evaporation rate of 1571 kg/hr and expanding in volume by a 
-factor of 200 when it changes from the liquid to vapor phase. 
+factor of 200 when it changes from the liquid to the vapor phase. 
 This increase in volume within a closed system will, in the 
 absence of a pressure-control system, raise the internal pressure.
 
 In LBNF, argon vapor will be removed from the top of the cryostat 
-through the chimneys that contain the cryogenic feedthroughs. As 
+through the cryogenic feedthroughs. 
+\fixme{chimney hasn't been defined}
+As 
 the vapor rises, it cools the cables and feedthrough, thereby 
 minimizing the outgassing. The exiting gaseous argon will be 
 directed to a heat exchanger (a recondenser, illustrated in 
@@ -880,7 +882,7 @@ \section{Argon Reliquefaction and Pressure Control}
 
 \section{Argon Purification}
 \label{subsec:argon-pur}
-The cryostat is to be designed with side penetrations below the liquid level 
+The cryostat is designed with side penetrations below the liquid level 
 for external recirculation pumps used to continuously filter the cryostat's 
 LAr. Figure~\ref{fig:external-pump} illustrates this mechanism. An Ebara 
 model of vertical pump inserted into a vacuum insulated pump well, and 
@@ -1160,7 +1162,7 @@ \section{LN$_2$ Refrigeration System}
 This system is expected to be capable of running  
 continuously for at least a year, and then require only 
 minor servicing. The system will be equipped with 
-automatic controls and a remote monitoring so that no operator 
+automatic controls and a remote monitoring system so that no operator 
 will be required during normal operation. 
 Estimated maximum power requirement is 1500 hp (1119 kVA), 
 not taking into account the power generated by the expanders.  
@@ -1177,7 +1179,7 @@ \section{LN$_2$ Refrigeration System}
 \label{fig:LN2-refrigerator-flow}
 \end{figure}
 
-The fluid is next routed to a `cold box' consisting of four heat exchangers.  
+The fluid is next routed to a ``cold box'' consisting of four heat exchangers.  
 This series of exchangers provides staged heat transfer from a cooling 
 nitrogen stream to a warming one.  The expanders are connected between 
 the heat exchangers to progressively reduce the pressure of the cooling 
@@ -1236,7 +1238,7 @@ \section{Refrigeration Load Scenarios}
 size of the piping from the surface to bottom of Ross shaft, 2) The 
 size of the LN$_2$ refrigeration units, and 3) the cooling power 
 available via the recondensers.  All three variables have been 
-matched for the physical constraints of a 40 kton module at 4850L 
+matched for the physical constraints of a 40 kt module at 4850L 
 using the Ross shaft. The refrigerators and condensers have been 
 sized to accommodate the long-term refrigeration load associated 
 with the cryostats.  As the LAr is circulated to achieve the 
@@ -1419,29 +1421,32 @@ \section{Refrigeration Load Scenarios}
 \section{Liquid Argon Removal}
 \label{sec:liquid-argon-removal}
 
-Although removing the LAr from cryostats is not in the scope of project, it is part of final 
-dispostion of the facility components. A method to remove LAr from the cryostats at the end 
-of life has been conceptualized here. The LAr is assumed to be resold to suppliers at half 
-the supply cost.
+Although removal of the LAr from the cryostats at the end of life is not in the project 
+scope, it is part of the final  dispostion of the facility components. A method to 
+accomplish this has been conceptualized here. The LAr is assumed to be resold to 
+suppliers at half the supply cost.
 
-It is foreseen that storage dewars, sized for the task, can be carried up and down the skip 
-compartments of the shaft initially used to haul up waste rock from the mine. Because there 
+It is expected that storage dewars sized for the task can be carried up and down the skip 
+compartments of the shaft (initially used to haul up waste rock from the mine). Because there 
 are two skip compartments, an empty vessel can simultaneously be lowered to the 4850L in one 
 skip while a full vessel is raised to the surface in the other. The physical dimensions of 
-skip compartment will accommodate the dewar size upto about 3000 L at maximum inside. If 
-the vessel is pressurized to 50 psig, it will contain roughly 4.2 tons of LAr. The pumps 
-already present at the cryostats can be used to transfer the LAr from cryostat to the 
+skip compartment will accommodate a dewar size up to about 3000 L. % at maximum inside. 
+If  the vessel is pressurized to 50 psig, it will contain roughly 4.2 t of LAr. The pumps 
+already present at the cryostats can be used to transfer the LAr from the cryostat to the 
 storage dewar.
 
-With assumption of having crews working concurrently at the surface and at the 4850L, one 
+Assuming that crews work concurrently at the surface and at the 4850L, one 
 optimized conveyance cycle can be fit in approximately 34 minutes, including 4 minutes of 
-skip transit time up and down. This will allow for at least 31 cycles in an 18 hour day, 
-corresponding to 130.2 tons per day of LAr delivered to the surface. To empty each 
+skip transit time up and down. This will allow for at least 31 cycles in an 18-hour day, 
+corresponding to the delivery of 130.2 tons of LAr to the surface. Emptying each 
 cryostat will require about 126 days.
 
-It is expected that 15.6 ktons of LAr per cryostat can be recovered in this process, or 
-better than 91\% of the total, considering the amount of liquid below the lowest liquid 
-height that can not be taken out using pumps and 5\% loss in the transfer of remaining 
+It is expected that 15.6 kt of LAr per cryostat can be recovered in this process, 
+i.e., over 91\% of the total; this takes into account the quantity of liquid below a 
+certain height that cannot be removed using pumps and a 
+ % considering the amount of liquid below the lowest liquid 
+%height that can not be taken out using pumps and 
+5\% loss in the transfer of remaining 
 liquid to the dewars.
 
 \chapter{Prototyping Plans}
@@ -1455,8 +1460,8 @@ \chapter{Prototyping Plans}
 
 The development of the LBNF cryogenics infrastructure from conceptual 
 to preliminary design includes a prototyping program. The most 
-significant issue to resolve is whether a membrane cryostat in
-the size of LBNF can achieve the required electron drift lifetime. 
+significant issue to resolve is whether a membrane cryostat of
+the size planned for LBNF can achieve the required electron drift lifetime. 
 The Liquid Argon Purity Demonstrator (LAPD) was an 
 off-project prototype, built to study the concept of achieving
 LAr purity requirements in a non-evacuated vessel. 
@@ -1466,8 +1471,8 @@ \chapter{Prototyping Plans}
 evacuation of the cryostat is unnecessary and that 
 a LAr purity level sufficient to enable the electron lifetime 
 required in a membrane cryostat can be achieved~\cite{Montanari:2013/06/13aqa}.
-Further prototyping program aiming to test and demonstrate 
-this technology at the 1 kton scale is foreseen over the
+A further prototyping program aimed at testing and demonstrating 
+this technology at the 1-kt scale is foreseen over the
 next two years as part of the CERN Neutrino Platform program.
 
 \chapter{ES\&H}
@@ -1483,7 +1488,7 @@ \chapter{ES\&H}
 and equipment, operational causes, etc.
 %with respect to the usage of argon, nitrogen
 %and hydrogen.
-During an ODH event, workers must leave the area heading towards the Ross or Yates shaft.
+During an ODH event, workers must leave the area and head towards the Ross or Yates shaft.
 
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
 \centering

annex-cryo/chapter-intro.tex

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ \section{LBNF Cryogenics Infrastructure}
  specifies four   %%%%%%%%%%%%%%  4/7/15
 rectangular cold vessels each measuring 15.1~m internal width, 14.0~m internal 
 height and 62.0~m internal length - each vessel contains a total mass of 
-17.1~kton of LAr and between 3 and 5\% of Ar gas operating at a 
+17.1~kt of LAr and between 3 and 5\% of Ar gas operating at a 
 pressure of 75 mbarg, depending on the final TPC design. The 
 membrane design is commonly 
 used for liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage and transport 
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ \section{Design Parameters}
 \hline\hline
 Cryostat Internal Volume &  13,107 m$^3$ \\
 \hline
-Total LAr Mass & 17.1 kton \\
+Total LAr Mass & 17.1 kt \\
 \hline
 Cryostat Inside Depth & 14.0 m \\
 \hline
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ \section{Design Parameters}
 % BN Jan 20 2012 changed Table to reflect 4850L
 
 \begin{table}
-\caption{Summary of parameters for membrane cryostat at the 4850L (the bottom of the Ross shaft)} 
+\caption[Summary of parameters for membrane cryostat at the 4850L]{Summary of parameters for membrane cryostat at the 4850L (the bottom of the Ross shaft)} 
 \label{table:cryo-reqs}
 \begin{tabular}[htbp]{| p{0.43\textwidth}|p{0.5\textwidth}|}
 \hline 

common/init-annex.tex

@@ -29,17 +29,17 @@
 
 \setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
 \textsf{\tableofcontents}
-\cleardoublepage
+\clearpage
 
 
 \textsf{\listoffigures}
-\cleardoublepage
+\clearpage
 
 \textsf{\listoftables}
 \clearpage
 
 %For acronym list to appear just after TOC
-\printnomenclature
+%\printnomenclature
 \cleardoublepage
 
 \iffinal\else