Add llvm_points_to_bitfield and enable_lax_loads_and_stores

This adds support for writing specifications that talk about bitfields in LLVM
code by way of the new `llvm_points_to_bitfield` command. Broadly speaking,
`llvm_points_to_bitfield ptr fieldName rhs` is like
`llvm_points_to (llvm_field ptr fieldName) rhs`, except that `fieldName` is
required to be the name of a field within a bitfield. The salient details are:

* LLVM bitcode itself does not a built-in concept of bitfields, but LLVM's
  debug metadata does. Support for retrieving bitfield-related metadata was
  added to `llvm-pretty` in GaloisInc/llvm-pretty#90, so this patch bumps the
  `llvm-pretty` submodule to incorporate it. This patch also updates the
  `crucible` submodule to incorporate corresponding changes in
  GaloisInc/crucible#936.

* The `LLVMPointsTo` data type now has a new `LLVMPointsToBitfield` data
  constructor that stores all of the necessary information related to the
  `llvm_points_to_bitfield` command. As a result, the changes in this patch
  are fairly insulated from the rest of SAW, as most of the new code involves
  adding additional cases to handle `LLVMPointsToBitfield`.

* Two of the key new functions are `storePointsToBitfieldValue` and
  `matchPointsToBitfieldValue`, which implement the behavior of
  `llvm_points_to_bitfield` in pre- and post-conditions. These functions
  implement the necessary bit-twiddling to store values in and retrieve values
  out of bitfield. I have left extensive comments in each function describing
  how all of this works.

* Accompanying `llvm_points_to_bitfield` is a new set of
  `{enable,disable}_lax_loads_and_stores` command, which toggles the
  Crucible-side option of the same name. When `enable_lax_loads_and_stores` is
  on, reading from uninitialized memory will return a symbolic value rather
  than failing outright. This is essential to be able to deal with LLVM bitcode
  involving bitfields, as reading a field from a bitfield involves reading the
  entire bitfield at once, which may include parts of the struct that have not
  been initialized yet.

* There are various `test_bitfield_*` test cases under `intTests` to test
  examples of bitfield-related specifications that should and should not
  verify.

* I have also updated `saw-remote-api` and `saw-client` to handle bitfields as
  well, along with a Python-specific test case.

Fixes #1461.

CHANGES.md

@@ -17,6 +17,14 @@
 * New command `w4_unint_z3_using` like `w4_unint_z3`, but use the given Z3
   tactic.
 
+* A new `llvm_points_to_bitfield` command has been introduced, providing a
+  version of `llvm_points_to` that is specifically tailored for structs
+  containing bitfields. In order to use `llvm_points_to_bitfield`, one must
+  also use the new `enable_lax_loads_and_stores` command, which relaxes some
+  of Crucible's assumptions about reading from uninitialized memory. (This
+  command also comes with a corresponding `disable_lax_loads_and_stores`
+  command.) For more details on how each of these commands should be used,
+  consult the "Bitfields" section of the SAW manual.
 
 # Version 0.9
 

doc/manual/manual.md

@@ -1212,6 +1212,31 @@ Ultimately, we plan to implement a more generic tactic that leaves
 certain constants uninterpreted in whatever prover is ultimately used
 (provided that uninterpreted functions are expressible in the prover).
 
+Note that each of the `unint_*` tactics have variants that are prefixed
+with `sbv_` and `w4_`. The `sbv_`-prefixed tactics make use of the SBV
+library to represent and solve SMT queries:
+
+* `sbv_unint_cvc4 : [String] -> ProofScript ()`
+
+* `sbv_unint_yices : [String] -> ProofScript ()`
+
+* `sbv_unint_z3 : [String] -> ProofScript ()`
+
+The `w4_`-prefixed tactics make use of the What4 library instead of SBV:
+
+* `w4_unint_cvc4 : [String] -> ProofScript ()`
+
+* `w4_unint_yices : [String] -> ProofScript ()`
+
+* `w4_unint_z3 : [String] -> ProofScript ()`
+
+In most specifications, the choice of SBV versus What4 is not important, as
+both libraries are broadly compatible in terms of functionality. There are some
+situations where one library may outpeform the other, however, due to
+differences in how each library represents certain SMT queries. There are also
+some experimental features that are only supported with What4 at the moment,
+such as `enable_lax_loads_and_stores`.
+
 ## Other External Provers
 
 In addition to the built-in automated provers already discussed, SAW
@@ -2218,6 +2243,78 @@ the value of an array element.
 * `jvm_field_is : JVMValue -> String -> JVMValue -> JVMSetup ()`
 specifies the name of an object field.
 
+### Bitfields
+
+SAW has experimental support for specifying `struct`s with bitfields, such as
+in the following example:
+
+~~~~ .c
+struct s {
+  uint8_t x:1;
+  uint8_t y:1;
+};
+~~~~
+
+Normally, a `struct` with two `uint8_t` fields would have an overall size of
+two bytes. However, because the `x` and `y` fields are declared with bitfield
+syntax, they are instead packed together into a single byte.
+
+Because bitfields have somewhat unusual memory representations in LLVM, some
+special care is required to write SAW specifications involving bitfields. For
+this reason, there is a dedicated `llvm_points_to_bitfield` function for this
+purpose:
+
+* `llvm_points_to_bitfield : SetupValue -> String -> SetupValue -> CrucibleSetup ()`
+
+The type of `llvm_points_to_bitfield` is similar that of `llvm_points_to`,
+except that it takes the name of a field within a bitfield as an additional
+argument. For example, here is how to assert that the `y` field in the `struct`
+example above should be `0`:
+
+~~~~
+ss <- llvm_alloc (llvm_alias "struct.s");
+llvm_points_to_bitfield ss "y" (llvm_term {{ 0 : [1] }});
+~~~~
+
+Note that the type of the right-hand side value (`0`, in this example) must
+be a bitvector whose length is equal to the size of the field within the
+bitfield. In this example, the `y` field was declared as `y:1`, so `y`'s value
+must be of type `[1]`.
+
+Note that the following specification is _not_ equivalent to the one above:
+
+~~~~
+ss <- llvm_alloc (llvm_alias "struct.s");
+llvm_points_to (llvm_field ss "y") (llvm_term {{ 0 : [1] }});
+~~~~
+
+`llvm_points_to` works quite differently from `llvm_points_to_bitfield` under
+the hood, so using `llvm_points_to` on bitfields will almost certainly not work
+as expected.
+
+In order to use `llvm_points_to_bitfield`, one must also use the
+`enable_lax_loads_and_stores` command:
+
+* `enable_lax_loads_and_stores: TopLevel ()`
+
+Both `llvm_points_to_bitfield` and `enable_lax_loads_and_stores` are
+experimental commands, so these also require using `enable_experimental` before
+they can be used.
+
+The `enable_lax_loads_and_stores` command relaxes some
+of SAW's assumptions about uninitialized memory, which is necessary to make
+`llvm_points_to_bitfield` work under the hood. For example, reading from
+uninitialized memory normally results in an error in SAW, but with
+`enable_lax_loads_and_stores`, such a read will instead return a symbolic
+value. At present, `enable_lax_loads_and_stores` only works with What4-based
+tactics (e.g., `w4_unint_z3`); using it with SBV-based tactics
+(e.g., `sbv_unint_z3`) will result in an error.
+
+Note that SAW relies on LLVM debug metadata in order to determine which struct
+fields reside within a bitfield. As a result, you must pass `-g` to `clang` when
+compiling code involving bitfields in order for SAW to be able to reason about
+them.
+
 ## Global variables
 
 Mutable global variables that are accessed in a function must first be allocated

intTests/test_bitfield_basic/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+CC = clang
+CFLAGS = -g -emit-llvm -frecord-command-line -O0
+
+all: test.bc
+
+test.bc: test.c
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
+
+.PHONY: clean
+clean:
+	rm -f test.bc

intTests/test_bitfield_basic/test.c

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+struct s {
+  int32_t w;
+  uint8_t x1:1;
+  uint8_t x2:2;
+  uint8_t y:1;
+  int32_t z;
+};
+
+uint8_t get_x2(struct s *ss) {
+  return ss->x2;
+}
+
+bool get_y(struct s *ss) {
+  return ss->y;
+}
+
+void set_x2(struct s *ss, uint8_t x2) {
+  ss->x2 = x2;
+}
+
+void set_y(struct s *ss, bool y) {
+  ss->y = y;
+}
+
+void set_x2_alt(struct s *ss, uint8_t x2) {
+  set_x2(ss, x2);
+}
+
+void set_y_alt(struct s *ss, bool y) {
+  set_y(ss, y);
+}

intTests/test_bitfield_basic/test.saw

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+enable_experimental;
+enable_lax_loads_and_stores;
+
+let get_x2_spec = do {
+  ss <- llvm_alloc (llvm_alias "struct.s");
+  z <- llvm_fresh_var "z" (llvm_int 2);
+  llvm_points_to_bitfield ss "x2" (llvm_term z);
+  llvm_execute_func [ss];
+  llvm_return (llvm_term {{ zext z : [8] }});
+};
+
+let get_y_spec = do {
+  ss <- llvm_alloc (llvm_alias "struct.s");
+  z <- llvm_fresh_var "z" (llvm_int 1);
+  llvm_points_to_bitfield ss "y" (llvm_term z);
+  llvm_execute_func [ss];
+  llvm_return (llvm_term z);
+};
+
+let set_x2_spec = do {
+  ss <- llvm_alloc (llvm_alias "struct.s");
+  z <- llvm_fresh_var "z" (llvm_int 8);
+  llvm_execute_func [ss, llvm_term z];
+  llvm_points_to_bitfield ss "x2" (llvm_term {{ drop z : [2] }});
+};
+
+let set_x2_alt_spec = do {
+  ss <- llvm_alloc (llvm_alias "struct.s");
+  z <- llvm_fresh_var "z" (llvm_int 2);
+  llvm_execute_func [ss, llvm_term {{ zext z : [8] }}];
+  llvm_points_to_bitfield ss "x2" (llvm_term z);
+};
+
+let set_y_spec = do {
+  ss <- llvm_alloc (llvm_alias "struct.s");
+  z <- llvm_fresh_var "z" (llvm_int 1);
+  llvm_execute_func [ss, llvm_term z];
+  llvm_points_to_bitfield ss "y" (llvm_term z);
+};
+
+let set_y_alt_spec = set_y_spec;
+
+m <- llvm_load_module "test.bc";
+
+llvm_verify m "get_x2" [] false get_x2_spec (w4_unint_z3 []);
+llvm_verify m "get_y" [] false get_y_spec (w4_unint_z3 []);
+llvm_verify m "set_x2" [] false set_x2_spec (w4_unint_z3 []);
+llvm_verify m "set_x2_alt" [] false set_x2_alt_spec (w4_unint_z3 []);
+llvm_verify m "set_y" [] false set_y_spec (w4_unint_z3 []);
+llvm_verify m "set_y_alt" [] false set_y_alt_spec (w4_unint_z3 []);
+
+set_x2_ov <- llvm_unsafe_assume_spec m "set_x2" set_x2_spec;
+llvm_verify m "set_x2_alt" [set_x2_ov] false set_x2_alt_spec (w4_unint_z3 []);
+set_y_ov <- llvm_unsafe_assume_spec m "set_y" set_y_spec;
+llvm_verify m "set_y_alt" [set_y_ov] false set_y_alt_spec (w4_unint_z3 []);

intTests/test_bitfield_basic/test.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+set -e
+
+$SAW test.saw

intTests/test_bitfield_duplicate_points_to/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+CC = clang
+CFLAGS = -g -emit-llvm -frecord-command-line -O0
+
+all: test.bc
+
+test.bc: test.c
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
+
+.PHONY: clean
+clean:
+	rm -f test.bc

intTests/test_bitfield_duplicate_points_to/test.c

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+struct s {
+  int32_t w;
+  uint8_t x1:1;
+  uint8_t x2:2;
+  uint8_t y:1;
+  int32_t z;
+};
+
+bool get_y(struct s *ss) {
+  return ss->y;
+}

intTests/test_bitfield_duplicate_points_to/test.saw

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+enable_experimental;
+enable_lax_loads_and_stores;
+
+let get_y_spec = do {
+  ss <- llvm_alloc (llvm_alias "struct.s");
+  z <- llvm_fresh_var "z" (llvm_int 1);
+  // Duplicate llvm_points_to_bitfield statements involving `y`
+  llvm_points_to_bitfield ss "y" (llvm_term z);
+  llvm_points_to_bitfield ss "y" (llvm_term z);
+  llvm_execute_func [ss];
+  llvm_return (llvm_term z);
+};
+
+m <- llvm_load_module "test.bc";
+fails (llvm_verify m "get_y" [] false get_y_spec (w4_unint_z3 []));

intTests/test_bitfield_duplicate_points_to/test.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+set -e
+
+$SAW test.saw

intTests/test_bitfield_smt_array/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+CC = clang
+CFLAGS = -g -emit-llvm -frecord-command-line -O0
+
+all: test.bc
+
+test.bc: test.c
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
+
+.PHONY: clean
+clean:
+	rm -f test.bc

intTests/test_bitfield_smt_array/test.c

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+struct s {
+  int32_t w;
+  uint8_t x1:1;
+  uint8_t x2:2;
+  uint8_t y:1;
+  int32_t z;
+};
+
+uint8_t get_x2(struct s *ss) {
+  return ss->x2;
+}
+
+bool get_y(struct s *ss) {
+  return ss->y;
+}
+
+void set_x2(struct s *ss, uint8_t x2) {
+  ss->x2 = x2;
+}
+
+void set_y(struct s *ss, bool y) {
+  ss->y = y;
+}
+
+void set_x2_alt(struct s *ss, uint8_t x2) {
+  set_x2(ss, x2);
+}
+
+void set_y_alt(struct s *ss, bool y) {
+  set_y(ss, y);
+}

intTests/test_bitfield_smt_array/test.saw

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+enable_experimental;
+enable_lax_loads_and_stores;
+enable_smt_array_memory_model;
+
+let get_x2_spec = do {
+  ss <- llvm_alloc (llvm_alias "struct.s");
+  z <- llvm_fresh_var "z" (llvm_int 2);
+  llvm_points_to_bitfield ss "x2" (llvm_term z);
+  llvm_execute_func [ss];
+  llvm_return (llvm_term {{ zext z : [8] }});
+};
+
+let get_y_spec = do {
+  ss <- llvm_alloc (llvm_alias "struct.s");
+  z <- llvm_fresh_var "z" (llvm_int 1);
+  llvm_points_to_bitfield ss "y" (llvm_term z);
+  llvm_execute_func [ss];
+  llvm_return (llvm_term z);
+};
+
+let set_x2_spec = do {
+  ss <- llvm_alloc (llvm_alias "struct.s");
+  z <- llvm_fresh_var "z" (llvm_int 8);
+  llvm_execute_func [ss, llvm_term z];
+  llvm_points_to_bitfield ss "x2" (llvm_term {{ drop z : [2] }});
+};
+
+let set_x2_alt_spec = do {
+  ss <- llvm_alloc (llvm_alias "struct.s");
+  z <- llvm_fresh_var "z" (llvm_int 2);
+  llvm_execute_func [ss, llvm_term {{ zext z : [8] }}];
+  llvm_points_to_bitfield ss "x2" (llvm_term z);
+};
+
+let set_y_spec = do {
+  ss <- llvm_alloc (llvm_alias "struct.s");
+  z <- llvm_fresh_var "z" (llvm_int 1);
+  llvm_execute_func [ss, llvm_term z];
+  llvm_points_to_bitfield ss "y" (llvm_term z);
+};
+
+let set_y_alt_spec = set_y_spec;
+
+m <- llvm_load_module "test.bc";
+
+llvm_verify m "get_x2" [] false get_x2_spec (w4_unint_z3 []);
+llvm_verify m "get_y" [] false get_y_spec (w4_unint_z3 []);
+llvm_verify m "set_x2" [] false set_x2_spec (w4_unint_z3 []);
+llvm_verify m "set_x2_alt" [] false set_x2_alt_spec (w4_unint_z3 []);
+llvm_verify m "set_y" [] false set_y_spec (w4_unint_z3 []);
+
+set_x2_ov <- llvm_unsafe_assume_spec m "set_x2" set_x2_spec;
+llvm_verify m "set_x2_alt" [set_x2_ov] false set_x2_alt_spec (w4_unint_z3 []);
+set_y_ov <- llvm_unsafe_assume_spec m "set_y" set_y_spec;
+llvm_verify m "set_y_alt" [set_y_ov] false set_y_alt_spec (w4_unint_z3 []);