If you have not already built the image from Dockerfile, use the command:
docker build -t cpp-container .
You should only have to build once. Once built, run the container:
docker run -it cpp-container
...or run it interactively in a shell:
docker run -it cpp-container sh
...or run it with a volume mounted to the current source code:
docker run -v "$(pwd)":/usr/src -it cpp-container
``