- Basic Operations
1.1. File Operations
1.2. Text Operations
1.3. Directory Operations
1.4. SSH, System Info & Network Operations
1.5. Process Monitoring Operations - Basic Shell Programming
2.1. Variables
2.2. Array
2.3. String Substitution
2.4. Other String Tricks
2.5. Functions
2.6. Conditionals
2.7. Loops
2.8. Regex
2.9. Pipes - Tricks
- Debugging
- Multi-threading
Displays all environment variables. If you want to get details of a specific variable, use echo $VARIABLE_NAME.
exportExample:
$ export
AWS_HOME=/Users/adnanadnan/.aws
LANG=en_US.UTF-8
LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8
LESS=-R
$ echo $AWS_HOME
/Users/adnanadnan/.awswhatis shows description for user commands, system calls, library functions, and others in manual pages
whatis somethingExample:
$ whatis bash
bash (1) - GNU Bourne-Again SHellwhereis searches for executables, source files, and manual pages using a database built by system automatically.
whereis nameExample:
$ whereis php
/usr/bin/phpwhich searches for executables in the directories specified by the environment variable PATH. This command will print the full path of the executable(s).
which program_name Example:
$ which php
/c/xampp/php/phpClears content on window.
| cat | chmod | chown | cp | diff | file | find | gunzip | gzcat | gzip | head |
| less | lpq | lpr | lprm | ls | more | mv | rm | tail | touch |
It can be used for the following purposes under UNIX or Linux.
- Display text files on screen
- Copy text files
- Combine text files
- Create new text files
cat filename
cat file1 file2
cat file1 file2 > newcombinedfile
cat < file1 > file2 #copy file1 to file2The chmod command stands for "change mode" and allows you to change the read, write, and execute permissions on your files and folders. For more information on this command check this link.
chmod -options filenameThe chown command stands for "change owner", and allows you to change the owner of a given file or folder, which can be a user and a group. Basic usage is simple forward first comes the user (owner), and then the group, delimited by a colon.
chown -options user:group filenameCopies a file from one location to other.
cp filename1 filename2Where filename1 is the source path to the file and filename2 is the destination path to the file.
Compares files, and lists their differences.
diff filename1 filename2Determine file type.
file filenameExample:
$ file index.html
index.html: HTML document, ASCII textFind files in directory
find directory options patternExample:
$ find . -name README.md
$ find /home/user1 -name '*.png'Un-compresses files compressed by gzip.
gunzip filenameLets you look at gzipped file without actually having to gunzip it.
gzcat filenameCompresses files.
gzip filenameOutputs the first 10 lines of file
head filenameShows the contents of a file or a command output, one page at a time. It is similar to more, but has more advanced features and allows you to navigate both forward and backward through the file.
less filenameCheck out the printer queue.
lpqExample:
$ lpq
Rank Owner Job File(s) Total Size
active adnanad 59 demo 399360 bytes
1st adnanad 60 (stdin) 0 bytesPrint the file.
lpr filenameRemove something from the printer queue.
lprm jobnumberLists your files. ls has many options: -l lists files in 'long format', which contains the exact size of the file, who owns the file, who has the right to look at it, and when it was last modified. -a lists all files, including hidden files. For more information on this command check this link.
ls optionExample:
$ ls -la rwxr-xr-x 33 adnan staff 1122 Mar 27 18:44 . drwxrwxrwx 60 adnan staff 2040 Mar 21 15:06 .. -rw-r--r--@ 1 adnan staff 14340 Mar 23 15:05 .DS_Store -rw-r--r-- 1 adnan staff 157 Mar 25 18:08 .bumpversion.cfg -rw-r--r-- 1 adnan staff 6515 Mar 25 18:08 .config.ini -rw-r--r-- 1 adnan staff 5805 Mar 27 18:44 .config.override.ini drwxr-xr-x 17 adnan staff 578 Mar 27 23:36 .git -rwxr-xr-x 1 adnan staff 2702 Mar 25 18:08 .gitignore
Shows the first part of a file (move with space and type q to quit).
more filenameMoves a file from one location to other.
mv filename1 filename2Where filename1 is the source path to the file and filename2 is the destination path to the file.
Also it can be used for rename a file.
mv old_name new_nameRemoves a file. Using this command on a directory gives you an error.
rm: directory: is a directory
To remove a directory you have to pass -r which will remove the content of the directory recursively. Optionally you can use -f flag to force the deletion i.e. without any confirmations etc.
rm filenameOutputs the last 10 lines of file. Use -f to output appended data as the file grows.
tail filenameUpdates access and modification time stamps of your file. If it doesn't exists, it'll be created.
touch filenameExample:
$ touch trick.md| awk | cut | echo | egrep | fgrep | fmt | grep | nl | sed | sort |
| tr | uniq | wc |
awk is the most useful command for handling text files. It operates on an entire file line by line. By default it uses whitespace to separate the fields. The most common syntax for awk command is
awk '/search_pattern/ { action_to_take_if_pattern_matches; }' file_to_parseLets take following file /etc/passwd. Here's the sample data that this file contains:
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/usr/bin/zsh
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/usr/sbin/nologin
sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
So now lets get only username from this file. Where -F specifies that on which base we are going to separate the fields. In our case it's :. { print $1 } means print out the first matching field.
awk -F':' '{ print $1 }' /etc/passwdAfter running the above command you will get following output.
root
daemon
bin
sys
sync
For more detail on how to use awk, check following link.
Remove sections from each line of files
example.txt
red riding hood went to the park to playshow me columns 2 , 7 , and 9 with a space as a separator
cut -d " " -f2,7,9 example.txtriding park playDisplay a line of text
display "Hello World"
echo Hello WorldHello Worlddisplay "Hello World" with newlines between words
echo -ne "Hello\nWorld\n"Hello
WorldPrint lines matching a pattern - Extended Expression (alias for: 'grep -E')
example.txt
Lorem ipsum
dolor sit amet,
consetetur
sadipscing elitr,
sed diam nonumy
eirmod tempor
invidunt ut labore
et dolore magna
aliquyam erat, sed
diam voluptua. At
vero eos et
accusam et justo
duo dolores et ea
rebum. Stet clita
kasd gubergren,
no sea takimata
sanctus est Lorem
ipsum dolor sit
amet.display lines that have either "Lorem" or "dolor" in them.
egrep '(Lorem|dolor)' example.txt
or
grep -E '(Lorem|dolor)' example.txtLorem ipsum
dolor sit amet,
et dolore magna
duo dolores et ea
sanctus est Lorem
ipsum dolor sitPrint lines matching a pattern - FIXED pattern matching (alias for: 'grep -F')
example.txt
Lorem ipsum
dolor sit amet,
consetetur
sadipscing elitr,
sed diam nonumy
eirmod tempor
foo (Lorem|dolor)
invidunt ut labore
et dolore magna
aliquyam erat, sed
diam voluptua. At
vero eos et
accusam et justo
duo dolores et ea
rebum. Stet clita
kasd gubergren,
no sea takimata
sanctus est Lorem
ipsum dolor sit
amet.Find the exact string '(Lorem|dolor)' in example.txt
fgrep '(Lorem|dolor)' example.txt
or
grep -F '(Lorem|dolor)' example.txtfoo (Lorem|dolor) Simple optimal text formatter
example: example.txt (1 line)
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.output the lines of example.txt to 20 character width
cat example.txt | fmt -w 20Lorem ipsum
dolor sit amet,
consetetur
sadipscing elitr,
sed diam nonumy
eirmod tempor
invidunt ut labore
et dolore magna
aliquyam erat, sed
diam voluptua. At
vero eos et
accusam et justo
duo dolores et ea
rebum. Stet clita
kasd gubergren,
no sea takimata
sanctus est Lorem
ipsum dolor sit
amet.Looks for text inside files. You can use grep to search for lines of text that match one or many regular expressions, and outputs only the matching lines.
grep pattern filenameExample:
$ grep admin /etc/passwd
_kadmin_admin:*:218:-2:Kerberos Admin Service:/var/empty:/usr/bin/false
_kadmin_changepw:*:219:-2:Kerberos Change Password Service:/var/empty:/usr/bin/false
_krb_kadmin:*:231:-2:Open Directory Kerberos Admin Service:/var/empty:/usr/bin/falseYou can also force grep to ignore word case by using -i option. -r can be used to search all files under the specified directory, for example:
$ grep -r admin /etc/And -w to search for words only. For more detail on grep, check following link.
Number lines of files
example.txt
Lorem ipsum
dolor sit amet,
consetetur
sadipscing elitr,
sed diam nonumy
eirmod tempor
invidunt ut labore
et dolore magna
aliquyam erat, sed
diam voluptua. At
vero eos et
accusam et justo
duo dolores et ea
rebum. Stet clita
kasd gubergren,
no sea takimata
sanctus est Lorem
ipsum dolor sit
amet.show example.txt with line numbers
nl -s". " example.txt 1. Lorem ipsum
2. dolor sit amet,
3. consetetur
4. sadipscing elitr,
5. sed diam nonumy
6. eirmod tempor
7. invidunt ut labore
8. et dolore magna
9. aliquyam erat, sed
10. diam voluptua. At
11. vero eos et
12. accusam et justo
13. duo dolores et ea
14. rebum. Stet clita
15. kasd gubergren,
16. no sea takimata
17. sanctus est Lorem
18. ipsum dolor sit
19. amet.Stream editor for filtering and transforming text
example.txt
Hello This is a Test 1 2 3 4replace all spaces with hyphens
sed 's/ /-/g' example.txtHello-This-is-a-Test-1-2-3-4replace all digits with "d"
sed 's/[0-9]/d/g' example.txtHello This is a Test d d d dSort lines of text files
example.txt
f
b
c
g
a
e
dsort example.txt
sort example.txta
b
c
d
e
f
grandomize a sorted example.txt
sort example.txt | sort -Rb
f
a
c
d
g
eTranslate or delete characters
example.txt
Hello World Foo Bar Baz!take all lower case letters and make them upper case
cat example.txt | tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' HELLO WORLD FOO BAR BAZ!take all spaces and make them into newlines
cat example.txt | tr ' ' '\n'Hello
World
Foo
Bar
Baz!Report or omit repeated lines
example.txt
a
a
b
a
b
c
d
cshow only unique lines of example.txt (first you need to sort it, otherwise it won't see the overlap)
sort example.txt | uniqa
b
c
dshow the unique items for each line, and tell me how many instances it found
sort example.txt | uniq -c 3 a
2 b
2 c
1 dTells you how many lines, words and characters there are in a file.
wc filenameExample:
$ wc demo.txt
7459 15915 398400 demo.txtWhere 7459 is lines, 15915 is words and 398400 is characters.
| cd | mkdir | pwd |
Moves you from one directory to other. Running this
$ cdmoves you to home directory. This command accepts an optional dirname, which moves you to that directory.
cd dirnameSwitch to the previous working directory
cd -Makes a new directory.
mkdir dirnameYou can use this to create multiple directories at once within your current directory.
mkdir 1stDirectory 2ndDirectory 3rdDirectoryYou can also use this to create parent directories at the same time with the -p (or --parents) flag. For instance, if you wanted a directory named 'project1' in another subdirectory at '/samples/bash/projects/', you could run:
mkdir -p /samples/bash/projects/project1
mkdir --parents /samples/bash/projects/project1Both commands above will do the same thing. If any of these directories did no already exist, they would be created as well.
Tells you which directory you currently are in.
pwd| bg | cal | date | df | dig | du | fg | finger | jobs | last |
| man | passwd | ping | ps | quota | scp | ssh | top | uname | uptime |
| w | wget | whoami | whois | sync | curl |
Lists stopped or background jobs; resume a stopped job in the background.
Shows the month's calendar.
Shows the current date and time.
Shows disk usage.
Gets DNS information for domain.
dig domainShows the disk usage of files or directories. For more information on this command check this link
du [option] [filename|directory]Options:
-h(human readable) Displays output it in kilobytes (K), megabytes (M) and gigabytes (G).-s(supress or summarize) Outputs total disk space of a directory and supresses reports for subdirectories.
Example:
du -sh pictures
1.4M picturesBrings the most recent job in the foreground.
Displays information about user.
finger usernameLists the jobs running in the background, giving the job number.
Lists your last logins of specified user.
last yourUsernameShows the manual for specified command.
man commandAllows the current logged user to change their password.
Pings host and outputs results.
ping hostLists your processes.
ps -u yourusernameUse the flags ef. e for every process and f for full listing.
ps -efShows what your disk quota is.
quota -vTransfer files between a local host and a remote host or between two remote hosts.
copy from local host to remote host
scp source_file user@host:directory/target_filecopy from remote host to local host
scp user@host:directory/source_file target_file
scp -r user@host:directory/source_folder target_folderThis command also accepts an option -P that can be used to connect to specific port.
scp -P port user@host:directory/source_file target_filessh (SSH client) is a program for logging into and executing commands on a remote machine.
ssh user@hostThis command also accepts an option -p that can be used to connect to specific port.
ssh -p port user@hostDisplays your currently active processes.
Shows kernel information.
uname -aShows current uptime.
Displays who is online.
Downloads file.
wget fileReturn current logged in username.
Gets whois information for domain.
whois domainDoes the same job as scp command, but transfers only changed files. Useful when transferring the same folder to/from server multiple times.
rsync source_folder user@host:target_folder
rsync user@host:target_folder target_folderCurl is a command-line tool for requesting or sending data using URL syntax. Usefull on systems where you only have terminal available for making various requests.
curl urlUse -X or --request to specify which method you would like invoke (GET, POST, DELETE, ...).
Use -d <data> or --data <data> to POST data on given URL.
| kill | killall | & | nohup |
Kills (ends) the processes with the ID you gave.
kill PIDKill all processes with the name.
killall processnameThe & symbol instructs the command to run as a background process in a subshell.
command &nohup stands for "No Hang Up". This allows to run command/process or shell script that can continue running in the background after you log out from a shell.
nohup commandCombine it with & to create background processes
nohup command &The first line that you will write in bash script files is called shebang. This line in any script determines the script's ability to be executed like a standalone executable without typing sh, bash, python, php etc beforehand in the terminal.
#!/usr/bin/env bashCreating variables in bash is similar to other languages. There are no data types. A variable in bash can contain a number, a character, a string of characters, etc. You have no need to declare a variable, just assigning a value to its reference will create it.
Example:
str="hello world"The above line creates a variable str and assigns "hello world" to it. The value of variable is retrieved by putting the $ in the beginning of variable name.
Example:
echo $str # hello worldLike other languages bash has also arrays. An array is a variable containing multiple values. There's no maximum limit on the size of array. Arrays in bash are zero based. The first element is indexed with element 0. There are several ways for creating arrays in bash which are given below.
Examples:
array[0]=val
array[1]=val
array[2]=val
array=([2]=val [0]=val [1]=val)
array=(val val val)To display a value at specific index use following syntax:
${array[i]} # where i is the indexIf no index is supplied, array element 0 is assumed. To find out how many values there are in the array use the following syntax:
${#array[@]}Bash has also support for the ternary conditions. Check some examples below.
${varname:-word} # if varname exists and isn't null, return its value; otherwise return word
${varname:=word} # if varname exists and isn't null, return its value; otherwise set it word and then return its value
${varname:+word} # if varname exists and isn't null, return word; otherwise return null
${varname:offset:length} # performs substring expansion. It returns the substring of $varname starting at offset and up to length charactersCheck some of the syntax on how to manipulate strings
${variable#pattern} # if the pattern matches the beginning of the variable's value, delete the shortest part that matches and return the rest
${variable##pattern} # if the pattern matches the beginning of the variable's value, delete the longest part that matches and return the rest
${variable%pattern} # if the pattern matches the end of the variable's value, delete the shortest part that matches and return the rest
${variable%%pattern} # if the pattern matches the end of the variable's value, delete the longest part that matches and return the rest
${variable/pattern/string} # the longest match to pattern in variable is replaced by string. Only the first match is replaced
${variable//pattern/string} # the longest match to pattern in variable is replaced by string. All matches are replaced
${#varname} # returns the length of the value of the variable as a character stringBash has multiple shorthand tricks for doing various things to strings.
${variable,,} #this converts every letter in the variable to lowercase
${variable^^} #this converts every letter in the variable to uppercase
${variable:2:8} #this returns a substring of a string, starting at the character at the 2 index(strings start at index 0, so this is the 3rd character),
#the substring will be 8 characters long, so this would return a string made of the 3rd to the 11th characters.Here are some handy pattern matching tricks
if [[ "$variable" == *subString* ]] #this returns true if the provided substring is in the variable
if [[ "$variable" != *subString* ]] #this returns true if the provided substring is not in the variable
if [[ "$variable" == subString* ]] #this returns true if the variable starts with the given subString
if [[ "$variable" == *subString ]] #this returns true if the variable ends with the given subStringThe above can be shortened using a case statement and the IN keyword
case "$var" in
begin*)
#variable begins with "begin"
;;
*subString*)
#subString is in variable
;;
*otherSubString*)
#otherSubString is in variable
;;
esacAs in almost any programming language, you can use functions to group pieces of code in a more logical way or practice the divine art of recursion. Declaring a function is just a matter of writing function my_func { my_code }. Calling a function is just like calling another program, you just write its name.
function name() {
shell commands
}Example:
#!/bin/bash
function hello {
echo world!
}
hello
function say {
echo $1
}
say "hello world!"When you run the above example the hello function will output "world!". The above two functions hello and say are identical. The main difference is function say. This function, prints the first argument it receives. Arguments, within functions, are treated in the same manner as arguments given to the script.
The conditional statement in bash is similar to other programming languages. Conditions have many form like the most basic form is if expression then statement where statement is only executed if expression is true.
if [ expression ]; then
will execute only if expression is true
else
will execute if expression is false
fiSometime if conditions becoming confusing so you can write the same condition using the case statements.
case expression in
pattern1 )
statements ;;
pattern2 )
statements ;;
...
esacExpression Examples:
statement1 && statement2 # both statements are true
statement1 || statement2 # at least one of the statements is true
str1=str2 # str1 matches str2
str1!=str2 # str1 does not match str2
str1<str2 # str1 is less than str2
str1>str2 # str1 is greater than str2
-n str1 # str1 is not null (has length greater than 0)
-z str1 # str1 is null (has length 0)
-a file # file exists
-d file # file exists and is a directory
-e file # file exists; same -a
-f file # file exists and is a regular file (i.e., not a directory or other special type of file)
-r file # you have read permission
-s file # file exists and is not empty
-w file # you have write permission
-x file # you have execute permission on file, or directory search permission if it is a directory
-N file # file was modified since it was last read
-O file # you own file
-G file # file's group ID matches yours (or one of yours, if you are in multiple groups)
file1 -nt file2 # file1 is newer than file2
file1 -ot file2 # file1 is older than file2
-lt # less than
-le # less than or equal
-eq # equal
-ge # greater than or equal
-gt # greater than
-ne # not equalThere are three types of loops in bash. for, while and until.
Different for Syntax:
for name [in list]
do
statements that can use $name
done
for (( initialisation ; ending condition ; update ))
do
statements...
donewhile Syntax:
while condition; do
statements
doneuntil Syntax:
until condition; do
statements
doneThey are a powerful tool for manipulating and searching text. Here are some examples of regular expressions that use each metacharacter:
| `.`(dot) | `*`(asterisk) | `+`(plus) | `?`(question mark) | `|`(pipe) | `[]`(character class) | `[^]`(negated character class) | `()`(grouping) | `{}`(quantifiers) | `\`(escape) |
Matches any single character except newline.
grep h.t file.txtOutput:
hat
hot
hitMatches zero or more occurrences of the preceding character or group.
grep ab*c file.txtOutput:
ac
abc
abbc
abbbcMatches one or more occurrences of the preceding character or group.
grep ab+c file.txtOutput:
abc
abbc
abbbc
abbbbcMatches zero or one occurrence of the preceding character or group.
grep ab?c file.txtOutput:
ac
abcMatches either the pattern to the left or the pattern to the right.
egrep "cat|dog" file.txtOutput:
cat
dogMatches any character inside the brackets.
[aeiou] will match any vowel
[a-z] will match any lowercase letterMatches any character not inside the brackets.
[^aeiou] will match any consonant
[^a-z] will match any non-lowercase letterGroups multiple tokens together and creates a capture group.
egrep "(ab)+" file.txtOutput:
ab
abab
abababMatches a specific number of occurrences of the preceding character or group.
egrep "a{3}" file.txtOutput:
aaa
aaaa
aaaaaEscapes the next character to match it literally.
egrep "a\+" file.txtOutput:
a+=======
Multiple commands can be linked together with a pipe, |. A | will send the standard-output from command A to the standard-input of command B.
Pipes can also be constructed with the |& symbols. This will send the standard-output and standard-error from command A to the standard-input of command B.
Run nano ~/.bash_profile and add the following line:
alias dockerlogin='ssh www-data@adnan.local -p2222' # add your alias in .bash_profileRun nano ~/.bashrc and add the following line:
export hotellogs="/workspace/hotel-api/storage/logs"Now you can use the saved path:
source ~/.bashrc
cd $hotellogsThis goes back to the days before you could rely on keyboards to have an "up" arrow key, but can still be useful. To run the last command in your history
!!A common error is to forget to use sudo to prefix a command requiring privileged execution. Instead of typing the whole command again, you can:
sudo !!This would change a mkdir somedir into sudo mkdir somedir.
Make your bash scripts more robust by reliably performing cleanup.
function finish {
# your cleanup here. e.g. kill any forked processes
jobs -p | xargs kill
}
trap finish EXITWhen you do export FOO = BAR, your variable is only exported in this current shell and all its children, to persist in the future you can simply append in your ~/.bash_profile file the command to export your variable
echo export FOO=BAR >> ~/.bash_profileYou can easily access your scripts by creating a bin folder in your home with mkdir ~/bin, now all the scripts you put in this folder you can access in any directory.
If you can not access, try append the code below in your ~/.bash_profile file and after do source ~/.bash_profile.
# set PATH so it includes user's private bin if it exists
if [ -d "$HOME/bin" ] ; then
PATH="$HOME/bin:$PATH"
fiYou can easily debug the bash script by passing different options to bash command. For example -n will not run commands and check for syntax errors only. -v echo commands before running them. -x echo commands after command-line processing.
bash -n scriptname
bash -v scriptname
bash -x scriptnameYou can easily multi-threading your jobs using &. All those jobs will then run in the background simultaneously and you can see the processes below are running using jobs.
sleep 15 & sleep 5 &The optional wait command will then wait for all the jobs to finish.
sleep 10 & sleep 5 &
wait- Chinese | 简体中文
- Turkish | Türkçe
- Japanese | 日本語
- Russian | Русский
- Vietnamese | Tiếng Việt
- Spanish | Español
