inference: (slightly) improve type stability of capturing closures

As an idea to improve type stability for capturing closures, such as in
#31909, I tried this idea of propagating the closure
object as a `PartialStruct` whose `fields` include captured variables
of which types are (partially) known. By performing const-prop on this
`closure::PartialStruct`, we can achieve a certain level of type
stability.
Specifically, I made some modifications to `abstract_eval_new` to allow
creating `PartialStruct` even for `:new` objects that are
`!isconcretedispatch` (since `PartialStruct` can now represent abstract
elements). I also adjusted `const_prop_argument_heuristic` to perform
aggressive constant propagation using such `closure::PartialStruct`.

As a result, the following code now achieves type stability:
```julia
julia> Base.infer_return_type((Bool,Int,)) do b, y
           x = b ? 1 : missing
           inner = y -> x + y
           return inner(y)
       end
Any                   # master
Union{Missing, Int64} # this commit
```

However, this alone was not enough to fully resolve #31909.
The call graph of `map` is extremely complex, and simply applying
constant propagation everywhere does not achieve the type safety
requested in the issue.

Nevertheless this commit alone would still improve type stability for
some cases, so I will go ahead and submit it as a PR.

Compiler/src/abstractinterpretation.jl

@@ -1053,9 +1053,12 @@ function maybe_get_const_prop_profitable(interp::AbstractInterpreter,
         # N.B. remarks are emitted within `const_prop_rettype_heuristic`
         return nothing
     end
-    if !const_prop_argument_heuristic(interp, arginfo, sv)
+    arg_result = const_prop_argument_heuristic(interp, arginfo, sv)
+    if arg_result === nothing
         add_remark!(interp, sv, "[constprop] Disabled by argument heuristics")
         return nothing
+    else
+        force |= arg_result
     end
     all_overridden = is_all_overridden(interp, arginfo, sv)
     if !force && !const_prop_function_heuristic(interp, f, arginfo, all_overridden, sv)
@@ -1122,16 +1125,19 @@ end
 function const_prop_argument_heuristic(interp::AbstractInterpreter, arginfo::ArgInfo, sv::AbsIntState)
     𝕃ᵢ = typeinf_lattice(interp)
     argtypes = arginfo.argtypes
-    for i in 1:length(argtypes)
+    for i = 1:length(argtypes)
         a = argtypes[i]
         if has_conditional(𝕃ᵢ, sv) && isa(a, Conditional) && arginfo.fargs !== nothing
-            is_const_prop_profitable_conditional(a, arginfo.fargs, sv) && return true
+            is_const_prop_profitable_conditional(a, arginfo.fargs, sv) && return false
         else
             a = widenslotwrapper(a)
-            has_nontrivial_extended_info(𝕃ᵢ, a) && is_const_prop_profitable_arg(𝕃ᵢ, a) && return true
+            if has_nontrivial_extended_info(𝕃ᵢ, a) && is_const_prop_profitable_arg(𝕃ᵢ, a)
+                # force const-prop' if the function object itself has some profitable information
+                return i == 1 || widenconst(a) <: Function
+            end
         end
     end
-    return false
+    return nothing
 end
 
 function is_const_prop_profitable_conditional(cnd::Conditional, fargs::Vector{Any}, sv::InferenceState)
@@ -2992,8 +2998,8 @@ function abstract_eval_new(interp::AbstractInterpreter, e::Expr, sstate::Stateme
         ismutable = ismutabletype(ut)
         fcount = datatype_fieldcount(ut)
         nargs = length(e.args) - 1
-        has_any_uninitialized = (fcount === nothing || (fcount > nargs && (let t = rt
-                any(i::Int -> !is_undefref_fieldtype(fieldtype(t, i)), (nargs+1):fcount)
+        has_any_uninitialized = (fcount === nothing || (fcount > nargs && (let boxed = Core.Box(rt)
+                any(i::Int -> !is_undefref_fieldtype(fieldtype(boxed.contents, i)), (nargs+1):fcount)
             end)))
         if has_any_uninitialized
             # allocation with undefined field is inconsistent always
@@ -3005,43 +3011,69 @@ function abstract_eval_new(interp::AbstractInterpreter, e::Expr, sstate::Stateme
         else
             consistent = ALWAYS_TRUE # immutable allocation is consistent
         end
-        if isconcretedispatch(rt)
-            nothrow = true
-            @assert fcount !== nothing && fcount ≥ nargs "malformed :new expression" # syntactically enforced by the front-end
-            ats = Vector{Any}(undef, nargs)
-            local anyrefine = false
-            local allconst = true
+        @inline function compute_fields_info(@nospecialize(rt))
+            local anyrefine, allconst, nothrow = false, true, true
+            ⊑, ⋤, ⊓ = partialorder(𝕃ᵢ), strictneqpartialorder(𝕃ᵢ), meet(𝕃ᵢ)
             for i = 1:nargs
                 at = widenslotwrapper(abstract_eval_value(interp, e.args[i+1], sstate, sv))
                 ft = fieldtype(rt, i)
-                nothrow && (nothrow = ⊑(𝕃ᵢ, at, ft))
-                at = tmeet(𝕃ᵢ, at, ft)
-                at === Bottom && return RTEffects(Bottom, TypeError, EFFECTS_THROWS)
+                nothrow && (nothrow = at ⊑ ft)
+                at = at ⊓ ft
+                at === Bottom && return nothing
                 if ismutable && !isconst(rt, i)
-                    ats[i] = ft # can't constrain this field (as it may be modified later)
+                    # can't constrain this field (as it may be modified later)
+                    allconst = false
                     continue
                 end
                 allconst &= isa(at, Const)
-                if !anyrefine
-                    anyrefine = has_nontrivial_extended_info(𝕃ᵢ, at) || # extended lattice information
-                                ⋤(𝕃ᵢ, at, ft) # just a type-level information, but more precise than the declared type
+                anyrefine || (anyrefine =
+                    has_nontrivial_extended_info(𝕃ᵢ, at) || # extended lattice information
+                    at ⋤ ft) # just a type-level information, but more precise than the declared type
+            end
+            return anyrefine, allconst, nothrow
+        end
+        @noinline function compute_fields(@nospecialize(rt), unwrap_const::Bool=false)
+            local fields = Vector{Any}(undef, nargs)
+            ⊓ = meet(𝕃ᵢ)
+            for i = 1:nargs
+                at = widenslotwrapper(abstract_eval_value(interp, e.args[i+1], vtypes, sv))
+                ft = fieldtype(rt, i)
+                if ismutable && !isconst(rt, i)
+                    @assert !unwrap_const
+                    fields[i] = ft # can't constrain this field (as it may be modified later)
+                else
+                    at = at ⊓ ft
+                    if unwrap_const
+                        fields[i] = (at::Const).val
+                    else
+                        fields[i] = at
+                    end
                 end
-                ats[i] = at
             end
+            return fields
+        end
+        if isconcretedispatch(rt)
+            @assert fcount !== nothing && fcount ≥ nargs "malformed :new expression" # syntactically enforced by the front-end
+            ret = compute_fields_info(rt)
+            ret === nothing && return RTEffects(Bottom, TypeError, EFFECTS_THROWS)
+            anyrefine, allconst, nothrow = ret
             if fcount == nargs && consistent === ALWAYS_TRUE && allconst
-                argvals = Vector{Any}(undef, nargs)
-                for j in 1:nargs
-                    argvals[j] = (ats[j]::Const).val
-                end
+                argvals = compute_fields(rt, #=unwrap_const=#true)
                 rt = Const(ccall(:jl_new_structv, Any, (Any, Ptr{Cvoid}, UInt32), rt, argvals, nargs))
             elseif anyrefine || nargs > datatype_min_ninitialized(rt)
                 # propagate partially initialized struct as `PartialStruct` when:
                 # - any refinement information is available (`anyrefine`), or when
                 # - `nargs` is greater than `n_initialized` derived from the struct type
                 #   information alone
-                rt = PartialStruct(𝕃ᵢ, rt, ats)
+                rt = PartialStruct(𝕃ᵢ, rt, compute_fields(rt))
             end
         else
+            ret = compute_fields_info(rt)
+            ret === nothing && return RTEffects(Bottom, TypeError, EFFECTS_THROWS)
+            anyrefine = ret[1]
+            if anyrefine || nargs > datatype_min_ninitialized(ut)
+                rt = PartialStruct(𝕃ᵢ, rt, compute_fields(rt))
+            end
             rt = refine_partial_type(rt)
             nothrow = false
         end
@@ -3063,18 +3095,18 @@ function abstract_eval_splatnew(interp::AbstractInterpreter, e::Expr, sstate::St
         at = abstract_eval_value(interp, e.args[2], sstate, sv)
         n = fieldcount(rt)
         if (isa(at, Const) && isa(at.val, Tuple) && n == length(at.val::Tuple) &&
-            (let t = rt, at = at
-                all(i::Int -> getfield(at.val::Tuple, i) isa fieldtype(t, i), 1:n)
+            (let boxed = Core.Box(rt)
+                all(i::Int -> getfield(at.val::Tuple, i) isa fieldtype(boxed.contents, i), 1:n)
             end))
             nothrow = isexact
             rt = Const(ccall(:jl_new_structt, Any, (Any, Any), rt, at.val))
         elseif (isa(at, PartialStruct) && ⊑(𝕃ᵢ, at, Tuple) && n > 0 &&
-                n == length(at.fields::Vector{Any}) && !isvarargtype(at.fields[end]) &&
-                (let t = rt, at = at
-                    all(i::Int -> ⊑(𝕃ᵢ, (at.fields::Vector{Any})[i], fieldtype(t, i)), 1:n)
+                n == length(at.fields) && !isvarargtype(at.fields[end]) &&
+                (let boxed = Core.Box(rt)
+                    all(i::Int -> ⊑(𝕃ᵢ, (at.fields)[i], fieldtype(boxed.contents, i)), 1:n)
                 end))
             nothrow = isexact
-            rt = PartialStruct(𝕃ᵢ, rt, at.fields::Vector{Any})
+            rt = PartialStruct(𝕃ᵢ, rt, at.fields)
         end
     else
         rt = refine_partial_type(rt)

base/reflection.jl

@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ end
 
 const REFLECTION_COMPILER = RefValue{Union{Nothing, Module}}(nothing)
 
-function invoke_in_typeinf_world(args...)
+function invoke_in_typeinf_world(@nospecialize args...)
     vargs = Any[args...]
     return ccall(:jl_call_in_typeinf_world, Any, (Ptr{Any}, Cint), vargs, length(vargs))
 end