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2 changes: 2 additions & 0 deletions Samenvatting
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Het Standaard Model (SM) van deeltjesfysica is ongelofelijk succesvol en nauwkeurig in het beschri- jven van de fundamentele deeltjes in de wereld om ons heen en de manier waarop ze zich gedragen. Maar we weten dat het niet de ultieme natuurkundige theorie is, omdat een aantal verschijnselen onverklaard blijven in het SM. Openstaande vragen zijn: wat is donkere materie, het bestaan van deze mysterieuze substantie kan worden afgeleid uit waarnemingen van het heelal, maar is nog niet rechtstreeks waargenomen; en waar past de zwaartekracht in het plaatje? Deze vragen motiveren onze zoektocht naar de fysica voorbij het Standaard Model (BSM) bij de Large Hadron Collider op het CERN. Hier versnellen we protonen rond een ring van 27 km omtrek. Op vier plaatsen aan de ring liggen ondergrondse experimenten waar de protonen worden gebotst. Wanneer pro- tonen botsen, bestuderen we effectief de werkelijk fundamentele deeltjes in het proton, quarks en gluonen. Dit proefschrift richt zich op onderzoek gebruikmakend van de proton-proton botsingen waargenomen door het CMS-experiment. Het zwaarste bekende elementaire deeltje, de top-quark, is niet te vinden in de natuur, maar in plaats daarvan kan worden geproduceerd in de botsingen bij de LHC. Top quarks worden meestal geproduceerd in paren, maar dit proefschrift richt zich op de zoektocht naar de productie van vier top-quark tegelijkertijd, dat is een ongelooflijk zeldzaam proces in vergelijking met paarproductie. Een nauwkeurige meting van deze zeldzame proces zou een strenge test zijn van het SM en kan hints geven of er nieuwe deeltjes worden gemaakt samen die in vier top quarks uiteenvallen. Het identificeren van het signaal van vier top-quark productie in de overweldigende achtergrond van top-quark-paarproductie in de data is een ongelooflijk moeilijke wetenschappelijke uitdaging. Hiervoor worden machine-learning algoritmen toegepast. Op deze wijze kunnen subtiele verschillen tussen de productie van top quark paren en vier top quarks in de botsing worden benut, en dit leidt tot een aanzienlijke verhoging van de gevoeligheid van de data-analyse. De resultaten van dit onderzoek plaatsen de meest strakke grenzen aan de werkzame doorsnede voor productie van vier top quarks. De resultaten zijn ook in staat om beperkingen te geven op de eigenschappen van eventuele hypothetische BSM deeltjes. In dit onderzoek worden daarom de resultaten ook geïnterpreteerd als een functie van de massa en top quark-koppeling van zo’n hypothetisch nieuw deeltje, het zogenaamde sgluon.
99 changes: 99 additions & 0 deletions Thesis.aux
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\bibcite{Marcastel:1621583}{{2}{}{{}}{{}}}
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\bibcite{Aad20121}{{4}{}{{}}{{}}}
\bibcite{Chatrchyan201230}{{5}{}{{}}{{}}}
\bibcite{1742-6596-513-2-022032}{{6}{}{{}}{{}}}
\bibcite{Khachatryan2010}{{7}{}{{}}{{}}}
\bibcite{1748-0221-3-08-S08004}{{8}{}{{}}{{}}}
\bibcite{1748-0221-2-04-P04004}{{9}{}{{}}{{}}}
\bibcite{Isildak:2013kfa}{{10}{}{{}}{{}}}
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\bibcite{Beaudette:2014cea}{{11}{}{{}}{{}}}
\bibcite{Kim:2012ix}{{12}{}{{}}{{}}}
\bibcite{1742-6596-219-7-072020}{{13}{}{{}}{{}}}
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