T extends never draft

Co-authored-by: Jongsun Suh <34228073+MajorLift@users.noreply.github.com>

episodes/extending never/code.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+/****************************************/
+// # I. Distributive Conditionals
+/****************************************/
+
+
+
+
+
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////
+// ## A. Distributive case:
+//       conditionals _are_ distributive over union types
+//       _if and only if_ the union type is
+//       a non-nested generic type argument
+
+type DistributiveConditional<T> =
+  T extends string
+  ? T[]
+  : never
+
+type DC = DistributiveConditional<string | number>
+//   ^?
+
+type Equivalencies_DC = [
+  DistributiveConditional<string | number>,
+
+  | DistributiveConditional<string>
+  | DistributiveConditional<number>,
+
+  | (string extends string ? string[] : never)
+  | (number extends string ? number[] : never),
+
+  string[] | never,
+
+  string[],
+]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////
+// ## B. Non-Distributive case:
+//       in all other cases, conditionals do _not_
+//       distributive over union types
+
+// 1. when the union type is not a generic type argument
+
+type NonGenericUnionConditional =
+//  ^?
+  (string | number) extends string
+  ? true
+  : false
+
+// 2. when the union type is a generic type argument, 
+// but it's nested inside of a Tuple, Function, Object
+
+type NonDistributiveTuple<T> =
+  [T] extends [string | number | symbol] 
+  ? T[]
+  : never
+
+type NDT = NonDistributiveTuple<string | number>
+//   ^?
+
+type Equivalencies_NDT = [
+  NonDistributiveTuple<string | number>,
+
+  [string | number] extends [string | number | symbol]
+    ? (string | number)[]
+    : never,
+
+  (string | number) extends (string | number | symbol)
+    ? (string | number)[] 
+    : never,
+
+  (string | number)[],
+]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+/****************************************/
+// # II. Trickiness of `extends never`
+/****************************************/
+
+// 1. `never` extends everything (including `never`)
+//    e.g. `never extends T` is true for all `T`
+
+// 2. nothing extends `never` (except `never`)
+//    e.g. `T extends never` is false for all `T`,
+//          but `never extends never` is true
+
+// 3. nothing is assignable to `never`
+//    e.g. `let param: never; param = "a"`
+//          will produce an error
+
+
+/**
+ * always returns `number`,
+ * except when `never` is passed into `T`
+ */
+function assert1<T>(
+  expectTrue: T extends never
+              ? number
+              : number
+) {}
+
+/**
+ * Passing in `never` as the generic argument results in 
+ * 1. the type of `expectTrue` resolving to `never`, and
+ * 2. an error being triggered for all values of the
+ *    function argument `expectTrue`, due to all types
+ *    (other than `never`) lacking assignability to the
+ *    `never` type.
+ */
+assert1<never>(0) // Error: Argument of type 'number' is not assignable to parameter of type 'never'.(2345)
+//^?
+
+/**
+ * always returns `number`,
+ * even if `never` is passed into `T`
+ */
+function assert2<T>(
+  expectTrue: [T] extends [never]
+              ? number
+              : number
+) {}
+/**
+ * Passing in `never` as the generic argument results in 
+ * 1. the type of `expectTrue` resolving to `number`, and
+ * 2. no errors for all `number` type value function arguments
+ */
+assert2<never>(0)
+//^?
+
+
+
+
+
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////
+// ## Case A: Non-Generic Type
+//            `never extends never`
+
+type NeverExtendsNever =
+//  ^?
+  never extends never 
+  ? true
+  : false
+
+type NEN =
+//  ^?
+  Extract<string | null, undefined> extends never 
+  ? true 
+  : false
+
+type Equivalencies_NEN = [
+  (Extract<string | null, undefined>) extends never
+    ? true
+    : false,
+
+  (never) extends never
+    ? true
+    : false,
+
+  true
+]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////
+// ## Case B: Distributive Generic Parameter
+//            `T extends never`
+
+/** The `true` branch is **unreachable** */
+type NeverGeneric<T> = T extends never ? true : false   
+type NG = NeverGeneric<never>
+//   ^?
+
+// For comparison:
+//   a conditional that's distributed over a union
+//   of one, single element:
+type Equivalencies_DC2 = [
+  DistributiveConditional<string>,
+
+  DistributiveConditional</* nothing */ | string>,
+
+  | DistributiveConditional<string>,
+
+  | (string extends string ? string[] : never),
+
+  | string[],
+
+  string[],
+]
+
+type NeverGenericEquivalences = [
+  NeverGeneric<never>,
+
+  /**
+   * `never` is the empty union of ZERO elements
+   * 
+   * NeverGeneric<(|)>,
+   */
+
+  /**
+   * This distribution over the empty union
+   * never happens (there's nothing to distribute over).
+   * 
+   * | NeverGeneric<(|)>
+   * | NeverGeneric<(|)>,
+   */
+
+  /**
+   * This conditional is never evaluated, and
+   * the `true`/`false` branches are both unreachable.
+   * 
+   * ((|) extends never ? true : false),
+   */
+
+  /**
+   * NeverGeneric<never> resolves to an empty union
+   * 
+   * (|),
+   */
+
+  never,
+]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////
+// ## Case C: Non-Distributive Generic Parameter
+//            `[T] extends [never]`
+
+type NeverGenericWrapped<T> =
+  [T] extends [never]
+  ? true
+  : false
+
+type NGW = NeverGenericWrapped<never>
+//   ^?
+
+type Equivalencies_NGW = [
+  NeverGenericWrapped<never>,
+
+  [never] extends [never] ? true : false,
+
+  never extends never ? true : false,
+
+  true,
+]