Filter/ignore qubits in Target without any operations (#9927)

* Filter/ignore qubits in Target without any operations

Building off #9840 which adds full path support in all the preset pass
managers for targetting backends with a disconnected coupling graph,
this commit adds support for ignoring qubits that do not support any
operations. When a Target is generated from #9911 with `filter_faulty`
set to `True` this will potentially result in qubits being present in
the `Target` without any supported operations. In these cases the
layout passes in the transpiler might inadvertently use these qubits
only to fail in the basis translator because there are no instructions
available. This commit adds filtering of connected components from the
list of output connected components if the `Target` does have any
supported instructions on a qubit.

This works by building a copy of the coupling map's internal graph
that removes the nodes which do not have any supported operations.
Then when we compute the connected components of this graph it will
exclude any components of isolated qubits without any operations
supported. A similar change is made to the coupling graph we pass to
rustworkx.vf2_mapping() inside the vf2 layout family of passes.

* Expand testing

* Make filtered qubit coupling map a Target.build_coupling_map option

This commit reworks the logic to construct a filtered coupling map as an
optional argument on `Target.build_coupling_map()`. This makes the
filtering a function of the Target object itself, which is where the
context/data about which qubits support operations or not lives. The
previous versions of this PR had a weird mix of responsibilities where
the target would generate a coupling map and then we'd pass the target
to that coupling map to do an additional round of filtering on it.

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: John Lapeyre <jlapeyre@users.noreply.github.com>

* Fix incorrect set construction

* Expand docstring on build_coupling_map argument

* Rework logic in vf2 passes for filtering

* Update argument name in disjoint_utils.py

* Inline second argument for require_layout_isolated_to_component

Co-authored-by: Kevin Hartman <kevin@hart.mn>

* Update qiskit/transpiler/passes/layout/vf2_post_layout.py

Co-authored-by: Kevin Hartman <kevin@hart.mn>

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Kevin Hartman <kevin@hart.mn>

* Remove unnecessary len()

* Inline second arg for dense_layout too

---------

Co-authored-by: John Lapeyre <jlapeyre@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Kevin Hartman <kevin@hart.mn>

qiskit/transpiler/passes/layout/dense_layout.py

@@ -69,7 +69,9 @@ def run(self, dag):
                 "A coupling_map or target with constrained qargs is necessary to run the pass."
             )
         layout_components = disjoint_utils.run_pass_over_connected_components(
-            dag, self.coupling_map, self._inner_run
+            dag,
+            self.coupling_map if self.target is None else self.target,
+            self._inner_run,
         )
         layout_mapping = {}
         for component in layout_components:

qiskit/transpiler/passes/layout/disjoint_utils.py

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 """This module contains common utils for disjoint coupling maps."""
 
 from collections import defaultdict
-from typing import List, Callable, TypeVar, Dict
+from typing import List, Callable, TypeVar, Dict, Union
 import uuid
 
 import rustworkx as rx
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 from qiskit.dagcircuit.dagcircuit import DAGCircuit
 from qiskit.dagcircuit.dagnode import DAGOutNode
 from qiskit.transpiler.coupling import CouplingMap
+from qiskit.transpiler.target import Target
 from qiskit.transpiler.exceptions import TranspilerError
 from qiskit.transpiler.passes.layout import vf2_utils
 
@@ -30,13 +31,22 @@
 
 def run_pass_over_connected_components(
     dag: DAGCircuit,
-    coupling_map: CouplingMap,
+    components_source: Union[Target, CouplingMap],
     run_func: Callable[[DAGCircuit, CouplingMap], T],
 ) -> List[T]:
     """Run a transpiler pass inner function over mapped components."""
+    if isinstance(components_source, Target):
+        coupling_map = components_source.build_coupling_map(filter_idle_qubits=True)
+    else:
+        coupling_map = components_source
     cmap_components = coupling_map.connected_components()
     # If graph is connected we only need to run the pass once
     if len(cmap_components) == 1:
+        if dag.num_qubits() > cmap_components[0].size():
+            raise TranspilerError(
+                "A connected component of the DAGCircuit is too large for any of the connected "
+                "components in the coupling map."
+            )
         return [run_func(dag, cmap_components[0])]
     dag_components = separate_dag(dag)
     mapped_components = map_components(dag_components, cmap_components)
@@ -127,9 +137,15 @@ def combine_barriers(dag: DAGCircuit, retain_uuid: bool = True):
                 node.op.label = None
 
 
-def require_layout_isolated_to_component(dag: DAGCircuit, coupling_map: CouplingMap) -> bool:
+def require_layout_isolated_to_component(
+    dag: DAGCircuit, components_source: Union[Target, CouplingMap]
+) -> bool:
     """Check that the layout of the dag does not require connectivity across connected components
     in the CouplingMap"""
+    if isinstance(components_source, Target):
+        coupling_map = components_source.build_coupling_map(filter_idle_qubits=True)
+    else:
+        coupling_map = components_source
     qubit_indices = {bit: index for index, bit in enumerate(dag.qubits)}
     component_sets = [set(x.graph.nodes()) for x in coupling_map.connected_components()]
     for inst in dag.two_qubit_ops():

qiskit/transpiler/passes/layout/sabre_layout.py

@@ -217,8 +217,18 @@ def run(self, dag):
             self.routing_pass.fake_run = False
             return dag
         # Combined
+        if self.target is not None:
+            # This is a special case SABRE only works with a bidirectional coupling graph
+            # which we explicitly can't create from the target. So do this manually here
+            # to avoid altering the shared state with the unfiltered indices.
+            target = self.target.build_coupling_map(filter_idle_qubits=True)
+            target.make_symmetric()
+        else:
+            target = self.coupling_map
         layout_components = disjoint_utils.run_pass_over_connected_components(
-            dag, self.coupling_map, self._inner_run
+            dag,
+            target,
+            self._inner_run,
         )
         initial_layout_dict = {}
         final_layout_dict = {}

qiskit/transpiler/passes/layout/vf2_layout.py

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 """VF2Layout pass to find a layout using subgraph isomorphism"""
 import os
 from enum import Enum
+import itertools
 import logging
 import time
 
@@ -141,6 +142,14 @@ def run(self, dag):
         cm_graph, cm_nodes = vf2_utils.shuffle_coupling_graph(
             self.coupling_map, self.seed, self.strict_direction
         )
+        # Filter qubits without any supported operations. If they don't support any operations
+        # They're not valid for layout selection
+        if self.target is not None:
+            has_operations = set(itertools.chain.from_iterable(self.target.qargs))
+            to_remove = set(range(len(cm_nodes))).difference(has_operations)
+            if to_remove:
+                cm_graph.remove_nodes_from([cm_nodes[i] for i in to_remove])
+
         # To avoid trying to over optimize the result by default limit the number
         # of trials based on the size of the graphs. For circuits with simple layouts
         # like an all 1q circuit we don't want to sit forever trying every possible
@@ -239,6 +248,10 @@ def mapping_to_layout(layout_mapping):
                 reverse_im_graph_node_map,
                 self.avg_error_map,
             )
+            # No free qubits for free qubit mapping
+            if chosen_layout is None:
+                self.property_set["VF2Layout_stop_reason"] = VF2LayoutStopReason.NO_SOLUTION_FOUND
+                return
             self.property_set["layout"] = chosen_layout
             for reg in dag.qregs.values():
                 self.property_set["layout"].add_register(reg)

qiskit/transpiler/passes/layout/vf2_post_layout.py

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 from enum import Enum
 import logging
 import inspect
+import itertools
 import time
 
 from rustworkx import PyDiGraph, vf2_mapping, PyGraph
@@ -215,6 +216,16 @@ def run(self, dag):
                         ops.update(global_ops[2])
                     cm_graph.add_edge(qargs[0], qargs[1], ops)
             cm_nodes = list(cm_graph.node_indexes())
+            # Filter qubits without any supported operations. If they
+            # don't support any operations, they're not valid for layout selection.
+            # This is only needed in the undirected case because in strict direction
+            # mode the node matcher will not match since none of the circuit ops
+            # will match the cmap ops.
+            if not self.strict_direction:
+                has_operations = set(itertools.chain.from_iterable(self.target.qargs))
+                to_remove = set(cm_graph.node_indices()).difference(has_operations)
+                if to_remove:
+                    cm_graph.remove_nodes_from(list(to_remove))
         else:
             cm_graph, cm_nodes = vf2_utils.shuffle_coupling_graph(
                 self.coupling_map, self.seed, self.strict_direction

qiskit/transpiler/passes/layout/vf2_utils.py

@@ -233,6 +233,8 @@ def map_free_qubits(
             set(range(num_physical_qubits)) - partial_layout.get_physical_bits().keys()
         )
     for im_index in sorted(free_nodes, key=lambda x: sum(free_nodes[x].values())):
+        if not free_qubits:
+            return None
         selected_qubit = free_qubits.pop(0)
         partial_layout.add(reverse_bit_map[im_index], selected_qubit)
     return partial_layout

qiskit/transpiler/passes/routing/basic_swap.py

@@ -72,8 +72,9 @@ def run(self, dag):
 
         if len(dag.qubits) > len(self.coupling_map.physical_qubits):
             raise TranspilerError("The layout does not match the amount of qubits in the DAG")
-        disjoint_utils.require_layout_isolated_to_component(dag, self.coupling_map)
-
+        disjoint_utils.require_layout_isolated_to_component(
+            dag, self.coupling_map if self.target is None else self.target
+        )
         canonical_register = dag.qregs["q"]
         trivial_layout = Layout.generate_trivial_layout(canonical_register)
         current_layout = trivial_layout.copy()

qiskit/transpiler/passes/routing/bip_mapping.py

@@ -167,7 +167,9 @@ def run(self, dag):
                 "BIPMapping requires the number of virtual and physical qubits to be the same. "
                 "Supply 'qubit_subset' to specify physical qubits to use."
             )
-        disjoint_utils.require_layout_isolated_to_component(dag, self.coupling_map)
+        disjoint_utils.require_layout_isolated_to_component(
+            dag, self.coupling_map if self.target is None else self.target
+        )
 
         original_dag = dag
 

qiskit/transpiler/passes/routing/lookahead_swap.py

@@ -130,7 +130,9 @@ def run(self, dag):
                 f"The number of DAG qubits ({len(dag.qubits)}) is greater than the number of "
                 f"available device qubits ({number_of_available_qubits})."
             )
-        disjoint_utils.require_layout_isolated_to_component(dag, self.coupling_map)
+        disjoint_utils.require_layout_isolated_to_component(
+            dag, self.coupling_map if self.target is None else self.target
+        )
 
         register = dag.qregs["q"]
         current_state = _SystemState(

qiskit/transpiler/passes/routing/sabre_swap.py

@@ -213,7 +213,9 @@ def run(self, dag):
             heuristic = Heuristic.Decay
         else:
             raise TranspilerError("Heuristic %s not recognized." % self.heuristic)
-        disjoint_utils.require_layout_isolated_to_component(dag, self.coupling_map)
+        disjoint_utils.require_layout_isolated_to_component(
+            dag, self.coupling_map if self.target is None else self.target
+        )
 
         self.dist_matrix = self.coupling_map.distance_matrix
 

qiskit/transpiler/passes/routing/stochastic_swap.py

@@ -104,8 +104,9 @@ def run(self, dag):
 
         if len(dag.qubits) > len(self.coupling_map.physical_qubits):
             raise TranspilerError("The layout does not match the amount of qubits in the DAG")
-
-        disjoint_utils.require_layout_isolated_to_component(dag, self.coupling_map)
+        disjoint_utils.require_layout_isolated_to_component(
+            dag, self.coupling_map if self.target is None else self.target
+        )
 
         self.rng = np.random.default_rng(self.seed)
 

qiskit/transpiler/target.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-
+import itertools
 import warnings
 
 from typing import Tuple, Union, Optional, Dict, List, Any
@@ -996,7 +996,7 @@ def _build_coupling_graph(self):
         if self._coupling_graph.num_edges() == 0 and any(x is None for x in self._qarg_gate_map):
             self._coupling_graph = None
 
-    def build_coupling_map(self, two_q_gate=None):
+    def build_coupling_map(self, two_q_gate=None, filter_idle_qubits=False):
         """Get a :class:`~qiskit.transpiler.CouplingMap` from this target.
 
         If there is a mix of two qubit operations that have a connectivity
@@ -1011,6 +1011,14 @@ def build_coupling_map(self, two_q_gate=None):
                 the Target to generate the coupling map for. If specified the
                 output coupling map will only have edges between qubits where
                 this gate is present.
+            filter_idle_qubits (bool): If set to ``True`` the output :class:`~.CouplingMap`
+                will remove any qubits that don't have any operations defined in the
+                target. Note that using this argument will result in an output
+                :class:`~.CouplingMap` object which has holes in its indices
+                which might differ from the assumptions of the class. The typical use
+                case of this argument is to be paired with with
+                :meth:`.CouplingMap.connected_components` which will handle the holes
+                as expected.
         Returns:
             CouplingMap: The :class:`~qiskit.transpiler.CouplingMap` object
                 for this target. If there are no connectivity constraints in
@@ -1048,11 +1056,23 @@ def build_coupling_map(self, two_q_gate=None):
         # existing and return
         if self._coupling_graph is not None:
             cmap = CouplingMap()
-            cmap.graph = self._coupling_graph
+            if filter_idle_qubits:
+                cmap.graph = self._filter_coupling_graph()
+            else:
+                cmap.graph = self._coupling_graph
             return cmap
         else:
             return None
 
+    def _filter_coupling_graph(self):
+        has_operations = set(itertools.chain.from_iterable(self.qargs))
+        graph = self._coupling_graph
+        to_remove = set(graph.node_indices()).difference(has_operations)
+        if to_remove:
+            graph = graph.copy()
+            graph.remove_nodes_from(list(to_remove))
+        return graph
+
     @property
     def physical_qubits(self):
         """Returns a sorted list of physical_qubits"""

releasenotes/notes/filter-idle-qubits-cmap-74ac7711fc7476f3.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+---
+features:
+  - |
+    The :meth:`~.Target.build_coupling_map` method has a new keyword argument,
+    ``filter_idle_qubits`` which when set to ``True`` will remove any qubits
+    from the output :class:`~.CouplingMap` that don't support any operations.

test/python/compiler/test_transpiler.py

@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
     CZGate,
     XGate,
     SXGate,
+    HGate,
 )
 from qiskit.circuit import IfElseOp, WhileLoopOp, ForLoopOp, ControlFlowOp
 from qiskit.circuit.measure import Measure
@@ -2733,3 +2734,84 @@ def test_six_component_circuit_dense_layout(self, routing_method):
             if op_name == "barrier":
                 continue
             self.assertIn(qubits, self.backend.target[op_name])
+
+    @data(0, 1, 2, 3)
+    def test_transpile_target_with_qubits_without_ops(self, opt_level):
+        """Test qubits without operations aren't ever used."""
+        target = Target(num_qubits=5)
+        target.add_instruction(XGate(), {(i,): InstructionProperties(error=0.5) for i in range(3)})
+        target.add_instruction(HGate(), {(i,): InstructionProperties(error=0.5) for i in range(3)})
+        target.add_instruction(
+            CXGate(), {edge: InstructionProperties(error=0.5) for edge in [(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 0)]}
+        )
+        qc = QuantumCircuit(3)
+        qc.x(0)
+        qc.cx(0, 1)
+        qc.cx(0, 2)
+        tqc = transpile(qc, target=target, optimization_level=opt_level)
+        invalid_qubits = {3, 4}
+        self.assertEqual(tqc.num_qubits, 5)
+        for inst in tqc.data:
+            for bit in inst.qubits:
+                self.assertNotIn(tqc.find_bit(bit).index, invalid_qubits)
+
+    @data(0, 1, 2, 3)
+    def test_transpile_target_with_qubits_without_ops_with_routing(self, opt_level):
+        """Test qubits without operations aren't ever used."""
+        target = Target(num_qubits=5)
+        target.add_instruction(XGate(), {(i,): InstructionProperties(error=0.5) for i in range(4)})
+        target.add_instruction(HGate(), {(i,): InstructionProperties(error=0.5) for i in range(4)})
+        target.add_instruction(
+            CXGate(),
+            {edge: InstructionProperties(error=0.5) for edge in [(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 0), (2, 3)]},
+        )
+        qc = QuantumCircuit(4)
+        qc.x(0)
+        qc.cx(0, 1)
+        qc.cx(0, 2)
+        qc.cx(1, 3)
+        qc.cx(0, 3)
+        tqc = transpile(qc, target=target, optimization_level=opt_level)
+        invalid_qubits = {
+            4,
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(tqc.num_qubits, 5)
+        for inst in tqc.data:
+            for bit in inst.qubits:
+                self.assertNotIn(tqc.find_bit(bit).index, invalid_qubits)
+
+    @data(0, 1, 2, 3)
+    def test_transpile_target_with_qubits_without_ops_circuit_too_large(self, opt_level):
+        """Test qubits without operations aren't ever used and error if circuit needs them."""
+        target = Target(num_qubits=5)
+        target.add_instruction(XGate(), {(i,): InstructionProperties(error=0.5) for i in range(3)})
+        target.add_instruction(HGate(), {(i,): InstructionProperties(error=0.5) for i in range(3)})
+        target.add_instruction(
+            CXGate(), {edge: InstructionProperties(error=0.5) for edge in [(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 0)]}
+        )
+        qc = QuantumCircuit(4)
+        qc.x(0)
+        qc.cx(0, 1)
+        qc.cx(0, 2)
+        qc.cx(0, 3)
+        with self.assertRaises(TranspilerError):
+            transpile(qc, target=target, optimization_level=opt_level)
+
+    @data(0, 1, 2, 3)
+    def test_transpile_target_with_qubits_without_ops_circuit_too_large_disconnected(
+        self, opt_level
+    ):
+        """Test qubits without operations aren't ever used if a disconnected circuit needs them."""
+        target = Target(num_qubits=5)
+        target.add_instruction(XGate(), {(i,): InstructionProperties(error=0.5) for i in range(3)})
+        target.add_instruction(HGate(), {(i,): InstructionProperties(error=0.5) for i in range(3)})
+        target.add_instruction(
+            CXGate(), {edge: InstructionProperties(error=0.5) for edge in [(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 0)]}
+        )
+        qc = QuantumCircuit(5)
+        qc.x(0)
+        qc.x(1)
+        qc.x(3)
+        qc.x(4)
+        with self.assertRaises(TranspilerError):
+            transpile(qc, target=target, optimization_level=opt_level)