digest: expose `AssociatedAlgorithmIdentifier` through `CoreWrapper` #2081

Job	Run time
minimal-versions	0s
no_std (1.75.0, thumbv7em-none-eabi)	16s
no_std (1.75.0, wasm32-unknown-unknown)	16s
test (1.75.0)	19s
no_std (stable, thumbv7em-none-eabi)	16s
test (stable)	12s
no_std (stable, wasm32-unknown-unknown)	18s
	1m 37s

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