Revamp md5.py (#8065)

* Add type hints to md5.py

* Rename some vars to snake case

* Specify functions imported from math

* Rename vars and functions to be more descriptive

* Make tests from test function into doctests

* Clarify more var names

* Refactor some MD5 code into preprocess function

* Simplify loop indices in get_block_words

* Add more detailed comments, docs, and doctests

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Add type hints to md5.py

* Rename some vars to snake case

* Specify functions imported from math

* Rename vars and functions to be more descriptive

* Make tests from test function into doctests

* Clarify more var names

* Refactor some MD5 code into preprocess function

* Simplify loop indices in get_block_words

* Add more detailed comments, docs, and doctests

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* updating DIRECTORY.md

* Convert str types to bytes

* Add tests comparing md5_me to hashlib's md5

* Replace line-break backslashes with parentheses

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Co-authored-by: github-actions <${GITHUB_ACTOR}@users.noreply.github.com>

Author: tianyizheng02

DIRECTORY.md

@@ -717,6 +717,7 @@
   * [Archimedes Principle](physics/archimedes_principle.py)
   * [Casimir Effect](physics/casimir_effect.py)
   * [Centripetal Force](physics/centripetal_force.py)
+  * [Grahams Law](physics/grahams_law.py)
   * [Horizontal Projectile Motion](physics/horizontal_projectile_motion.py)
   * [Hubble Parameter](physics/hubble_parameter.py)
   * [Ideal Gas Law](physics/ideal_gas_law.py)