Add missing number algorithm

[shreyabhalgat]

Describe your change:

Added a new algorithm for finding the missing number in a list of consecutive integers using bit manipulation.

• Add an algorithm?
• Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
• Documentation change?

Checklist:

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
• All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
• All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
• All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
• All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python type hints.
• All functions have doctests that pass the automated testing.
• All new algorithms include at least one URL that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.
• If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the description above includes the issue number(s) with a closing keyword: "Fixes #ISSUE-NUMBER

[algorithms-keeper]

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🔗 Relevant Links

Repository:

• Contributing guidelines
• Project Euler solution guidelines

Python:

• Formatted string literals (f-strings)
• Type hints
• doctest
• unittest
• pytest

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[cclauss]

Mypy can test data types in the function signature, but not in the comments.

Do not repeat the datatypes in both places because readers will be confused if one is changed and the other is not.

Suggested change

	def find_missing_number(nums):
	"""
	Finds the missing number in a list of consecutive integers.
	Args:
	nums (List[int]): A list of integers.
	Returns:
	int: The missing number.
	def find_missing_number(nums: list[int]) -> int:
	"""
	Finds the missing number in a list of consecutive integers.
	Args:
	nums: A list of integers.
	Returns:
	The missing number.