template.scala

template.scala is a library for creating inline functions, similar to C++ templates.

Usage

scalaVersion := "2.12.1" // or "2.11.8"

libraryDependencies += "com.thoughtworks.template" %% "template" % "latest.release" % Provided

addCompilerPlugin("org.scalameta" % "paradise" % "3.0.0-M7" cross CrossVersion.full)

A template function is created with a @template annotation.

@template
def max(x: Any, y: Any) = {
  if (x > y) x else y
}

Unlike normal functions, a template function will not be type-checked until using it. Thus it does not raise a type error on x > y because the real types of x and y have not been determined.

val i: Int = max(1, 2)
val d: Double = max(8.0, 0.5)

The max function will be type-checkd and inlined whenever being invoked.

If the type of x does not support > method, it does not compile:

val s: Symbol = max('foo, 'bar)

<macro>:1: value > is not a member of Symbol
def max(x: Any, y: Any) = if (x > y) x else y
                                ^

Side effects

By default, the side effects in arguments of @template functions will be evaluated before the execution of the function body. For example:

max({
  println("x = 1")
  1
}, {
  println("y = 2")
  2
})

The output is

x = 1
y = 2

However, you can use call-by-name parameter to force the side effects re-evaluate whenever the argument is referenced. For example:

@template
def callByNameMax(x: => Any, y: => Any) = {
  if (x > y) x else y
}

callByNameMax({
  println("x = 1")
  1
}, {
  println("y = 2")
  2
})

The output is

x = 1
y = 2
y = 2

Recursive template functions

Template functions can be recursive, as long as the number of calls are finite and can be determined at compile-time.

The following code creates a heterogeneous list.

sealed trait HList {

  final def ::(head: Any): head.type :: this.type = {
    new (head.type :: this.type)(head, this)
  }

}

case object HNil extends HList

final case class ::[Head, Tail <: HList](head: Head, tail: Tail) extends HList {
  def apply(i: 0): head.type = {
    head
  }

  @template
  def apply(i: Int with Singleton): Any = {
    tail(i - 1)
  }

}

Then you can index elements in the HList via template function apply.

val hlist = "foo" :: 1 :: false :: HNil

val s: String = hlist(0)
val i: Int = hlist(1)
val b: Boolean = hlist(2)

hlist(3) // Compile error

Note that the above HList example need TypeLevel Scala and -Yliteral-types flag.

Limitations

• By default, @template functions are inline, not sharing similar implementations like C++ templates.
• @template functions do not support type parameters. You can create type aliases instead. See the test case for example.
• Recursive @template functions must be resolved at compile-time.