- Abstract
- Features
- Exact location information
- Debugging Python bytecode (no source available)
- Source-code Syntax Colorization
- Command Completion
- Terminal Handling
- Smart Eval
- More Stepping Control
- Documentation
- Event Tracing of Calls and Returns
- Debugger Macros via Python Lambda expressions
- Byte-code Instruction Introspection
- Some Debugger Command Arguments can be Variables and Expressions
- Out-of-Process Debugging
- Egg, Wheel, and Tarballs
- Modularity
- See Also
This is a gdb-like debugger for Python. It is a rewrite of pdb from the ground up.
A command-line interface (CLI) is provided as well as an remote access interface over TCP/IP.
See the Tutorial for how to use. See ipython-trepan for using this in ipython or an ipython notebook.
This package is for Python 2.6 and 2.7. See trepan3k for the same code modified to work with Python 3. For Python before 2.4, use pydb .
Since this debugger is similar to other trepanning debuggers and gdb in general, knowledge gained by learning this is transferable to those debuggers and vice versa.
There's a lot of cool stuff here that's not in the stock Python debugger pdb.
Python reports line information on the granularity of a line. To get more precise information, we can (de)parse into Python the byte code around a bytecode offset such as the place you are stopped at.
So far as I know, there is no other debugger that can do this.
You can pass the debugger the name of Python bytecode and many times, the debugger will merrily proceed. This debugger tries very hard find the source code. Either by using the current executable search path (e.g. PATH) or for some by looking inside the bytecode for a filename in the main code object (co_filename) and applying that with a search path which takes into account directory where the bytecode lives.
Failing to find source code this way, and in other situations where source code can't be found, the debugger will decompile the bytecode and use that for showing source test. This allows us to debug `eval`'d or `exec''d code.
But if you happen to know where the source code is located, you can associate a file source code with the current name listed in the bytecode. See the set_substitute command for details here.
Starting with release 0.2.0, terminal source code is colorized via pygments . And with that you can set the pygments color style, e.g. "colorful", "paraiso-dark". See set_style . Furthermore, we make use of terminal bold and emphasized text in debugger output and help text. Of course, you can also turn this off. Starting with release 0.6.0, you can use your own pygments_style, provided you have a terminal that supports 256 colors. If your terminal supports the basic ANSI color sequences only, we support that too in both dark and light themes.
Starting with release 2.8, readline command completion has been added. Command completion is not just a simple static list, but varies depending on the context. For example, for frame-changing commands which take optional numbers, on the list of valid numbers is considered.
We can adjust debugger output depending on the line width of your terminal. If it changes, or you want to adjust it, see set_width .
Starting with release 0.2.0, if you want to evaluate the current
source line before it is run in the code, use eval or
deval. To evaluate text of a common fragment of line, such as the
expression part of an if statement, you can do that with
eval? or deval?. See eval for more information.
Sometimes you want small steps, and sometimes large stepping.
This fundamental issue is handled in a couple ways:
There are now step event and next event commands with
aliases to s+, s> and so on. The plus-suffixed commands force
a different line on a subsequent stop, the dash-suffixed commands
don't. Suffixes >, <, and ! specify call, return
and exception events respectively. And without a suffix you get
the default; this is set by the set different command.
Documentation: http://python2-trepan.readthedocs.org
By default the debugger stops at every event: call, return,
line, exception, c-call, c-exception. If you just want
to stop at line events (which is largely what you happens in
pdb) you can. If however you just want to stop at calls and returns,
that's possible too. Or pick some combination.
In conjunction with handling all events by default, the event status is shown when stopped. The reason for stopping is also available via info program.
I'm not sure why this was not done before. Probably because of the lack of the ability to set and move by different granularities, tracing calls and returns lead to too many uninteresting stops (such as at the same place you just were at). Also, stopping on function definitions probably also added to this tedium.
Because we're really handling return events, we can show you the return value. (pdb has an "undocumented" retval command that doesn't seem to work.)
Starting with release 0.2.3, there are debugger macros. In gdb, there is a macro debugger command to extend debugger commands.
However Python has its own rich programming language so it seems silly to recreate the macro language that is in gdb. Simpler and more powerful is just to use Python here. A debugger macro here is just a lambda expression which returns a string or a list of strings. Each string returned should be a debugger command.
We also have aliases for the extremely simple situation where you want to give an alias to an existing debugger command. But beware: some commands, like step inspect command suffixes and change their behavior accordingly.
We also envision a number of other ways to allow extension of this debugger either through additional modules, or user-supplied debugger command directories.
If what you were looking for in macros was more front-end control over the debugger, then consider using the experimental (and not finished) Bullwinkle protocol.
We do more in the way of looking at the byte codes to give better information. Through this we can provide:
- a skip command. It is like the jump command, but you don't have to deal with line numbers.
- disassembly of code fragments. You can now disassemble relative to the stack frames you are currently stopped at.
- Better interpretation of where you are when inside execfile or exec. (But really though this is probably a Python compiler misfeature.)
- Check that breakpoints are set only where they make sense.
- A more accurate determination of if you are at a function-defining def statement (because the caller instruction contains
MAKE_FUNCTION.)
Even without "deparsing" mentioned above, the abilty to disassemble by line number range or byte-offset range lets you tell exactly where you are and code is getting run.
Commands that take integer arguments like frame-moving commands like up, allow you to use a Python expression which may include local or global variables that evaluates to an integer. This eliminates the need in gdb for special "dollar" debugger variables. (Note however because of shlex parsing, expressions can't have embedded blanks.)
You can now debug your program in a different process or even a different computer on a different network!
Can be installed via the usual pip or easy_install. There is a source tarball. How To Install has full instructions and installing from git and by other means.
The Debugger plays nice with other trace hooks. You can have several debugger objects.
Many of the things listed below doesn't directly effect end-users, but it does eventually by way of more robust and featureful code. And keeping developers happy is a good thing.(TM)
- Commands and subcommands are individual classes now, not methods in a class. This means they now have properties like the context in which they can be run, minimum abbreviation name or alias names. To add a new command you basically add a file in a directory.
- I/O is it's own layer. This simplifies interactive readline behavior from reading commands over a TCP socket.
- An interface is it's own layer. Local debugging, remote debugging, running debugger commands from a file (source) are different interfaces. This means, for example, that we are able to give better error reporting if a debugger command file has an error.
- There is an experimental Python-friendly interface for front-ends
- more testable. Much more unit and functional tests. More of pydb's integration test will eventually be added.
- trepan3k : trepan debugger for Python 3
- pydbgr : previous incarnation of debugger
- pydb : even older incarnation of debugger (for very old Python 2)
- Tutorial: Tutorial for how to use
- https://pypi.python.org/pypi/uncompyle6 : Python decompiler
- https://pypi.python.org/pypi/xdis : cross-platform disassembler