Update base for Docker build image

I came across this in WebAssembly#392, where it became clear that Ubuntu's 18.04
release (now several years old) was using quite ancient versions of
certain tools.

Dockerfile

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Use a relatively old/stable distro here to maximize the supported platforms
-# and avoid depending on more recent version of, say, libc.
-# Here we choose Bionic 18.04.
-FROM ubuntu:bionic
+# and avoid depending on more recent version of, say, libc. Here we choose Jammy
+# 22.04.
+FROM ubuntu:jammy
 
 RUN apt-get update \
  && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \