There are a number of frameworks out there that land into the broad bucket of Acceptance Test Driven Develpment (ATDD) and/or Behaviour Driven Development (BDD). These tools allow for the encoding of product desirables in a human readable Domain Specific Language (DSL) and then automated in some other programming language.
One popular one is the Robot Framework which has an add-on library to extend its DSL to include Selenium commands (keywords in RF terminology) through its SeleniumLibrary. But convenience comes at a removal of fine grained control that you get from using the Page Object Pattern directly.
This experiment shows how you can get the best of both worlds with the product ownership team still being able to see their readable DSL but the people implementing the code can use OO principles for driving the interaction with the code.
Much like if you were using SeleniumLibrary, this whole thing revolves around creating custom keywords. Only instead of using the keywords in SeleniumLibrary you use the raw Se API calls in your implementation.
Let's look at a script.
*** Settings ***
Documentation A test suite with a single test for valid login. This test has
... a workflow that is created using keywords from the resource file.
Resource common_resource.txt
Test Setup Open Browser To English Home Page
Test Teardown Close Browser After Run
*** Test Cases ***
Invalid Login
Navigate To Sign In Page
Set Sign In Email As demo
Set Sign In Password As demo
Submit Sign In Credentials
Sign In Error Message Should Be Sorry, we don't recognize that email address, username or password. Please try again.
Nothing unusual there. Now let's look at the keywords associated with the Sign In page.
from SeleniumWrapper import SeleniumWrapper as wrapper
locators = {
"email": "id=Email",
"password": "id=Password",
"sign in": "id=submit",
"error messages": "css=.validation-summary-errors li"
}
class SignInPage(object):
def set_sign_in_email_as(self, email):
se = wrapper().connection
se.type(locators["email"], email)
def set_sign_in_password_as(self, password):
se = wrapper().connection
se.type(locators["password"], password)
def submit_sign_in_credentials(self, success=False):
se = wrapper().connection
se.click(locators["sign in"])
se.wait_for_page_to_load("20000")
def sign_in_error_message_should_be(self, message):
se = wrapper().connection
assert se.get_text(locators['error messages']) == message
Because I am organizing things using packages there is an extra hoop you have to jump through. In the package's init.py you need to also create a class that takes as its super classes the other classes that hold keywords. This doesn't seem like it would scale linearly but upon thinking about it for a few minutes I realized that this would force further sub-packaging and organization which could only be seen as a good thing.
from homepage import HomePage
from signinpage import SignInPage
class PageObjects(HomePage, SignInPage):
# your top-level keywords here
A few things of note.
- the wrapper that gets imported is a singleton connection to the Se server
- in a 'normal' PO, self.se would be set in the constructor, but the way RF creates objects means that it tries to make the connection before things are connected leading to non-good things happening.
- locators are isolated to the PO that they are used in. And they should not cross.
- element interaction is done in the keyword via API calls rather than through an Element instance
- the name of the page is in each keyword since there are not variables flying around in RF