Fix typing issues in core modules

[brandonwillard]

This PR fixes some typing issues in core Aesara modules and enables them for Mypy checking from here on.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #837 (ef00cc9) into main (c27183c) will increase coverage by 0.04%.
The diff coverage is 76.43%.

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #837      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   78.39%   78.43%   +0.04%     
==========================================
  Files         152      154       +2     
  Lines       47640    47708      +68     
  Branches    10841    10842       +1     
==========================================
+ Hits        37347    37421      +74     
+ Misses       7750     7747       -3     
+ Partials     2543     2540       -3     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
aesara/compile/compiledir.py	0.00% <0.00%> (ø)
aesara/sandbox/fourier.py	0.00% <0.00%> (ø)
aesara/compile/nanguardmode.py	56.81% <50.00%> (+0.32%)	⬆️
aesara/link/c/op.py	61.41% <61.41%> (ø)
aesara/link/c/type.py	75.66% <75.66%> (ø)
aesara/graph/type.py	93.44% <90.90%> (+14.21%)	⬆️
aesara/graph/op.py	85.63% <91.30%> (+16.78%)	⬆️
aesara/compile/builders.py	74.64% <100.00%> (ø)
aesara/compile/debugmode.py	60.72% <100.00%> (+0.03%)	⬆️
aesara/compile/ops.py	83.68% <100.00%> (+0.11%)	⬆️
... and 39 more