speedup ci setup

[ltalirz]

Reduce CI runtime from 9min30 to 5min30 by splitting off pre-commit and docs (those now available in <2 minutes).

Also:

• switch from prospector to pylint
• update yapf to 0.30 and move to virtual env
• replace prospector.yaml and pylint.ini by compact pyproject.toml
• minor fixes for pylint update

[ltalirz]

the CI setup now also includes caching of docker layers.
this currently has no large effect since the install of cp2k via apt is fast, but it would allow to move e.g. to use a recent cp2k version from conda while still maintaining fast builds.

[yakutovicha]

LGTM, thanks @ltalirz!