Android Engineer Interview Questions

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Complete Android Engineer Roadmap

• Roadmap 2024 - Topics
• Roadmap 2024 - Week Schedule

Interview Contents

• Kotlin
• Android
• Lifecycle
• Networking
• Webview
• Dependency Injection
• Jetpack Compose
• Thread
• Architecture
• Design Pattern
• System Design
• Libraries
• Common Question
• Questions from Company
• Kotlin Sheet 2024
• Jetpack Compose Sheet 2024

Kotlin

• What is the difference between const val and val?
  • Both are used to define read-only properties, but
  • const val properties should be initialized at compile-time whereas val properties can be initialized at runtime
  • If we decompile, const val variable will replace with its value but val not, because it can be initialized at runtime

  • const val BASE_URL = "https://github.com"
    val githubHandle = "anandwana001"
    val repoName: String
    

• What is so interesting about data class?
  • Uses to hold data
  • Pre-functions like toString, equals, copy, and componentN
  • Data classes cannot be abstract, open, sealed, or inner.
  • Data classes cannot extend other classes
  • Supports destructuring declaration
• Is singleton thread-safe? vs Object?
• What are the different types of scope functions?
  • Let = T.let { R }
    • lambda result (R) is the return type
    • can be performed on any T type object
    • lambda reference is it
    • suitable for null check
  • Run = T.run { R }
    • same as let, but mostly used in initializing an object
    • lambda reference is this
    • suitable for null check
  • With = with(T) { R }
    • if T is nullable object use run else use with(T)
    • lambda reference is this
    • not suitable for null check
  • Also = T.also { T }
    • when need to perform multiple operations in chain use also
    • lambda reference is it
  • Apply = T.apply { T }
    • when need to perform the operation on the T object and return the same use apply
    • lambda reference is this
    • suitable for null check
• What are the different Coroutine Scopes?
• How to manage series and parallel execution?
• Difference between Flow/SharedFlow/StateFlow and elaborate it.
• What happens if we call .cancel() from a coroutine scope?
• What is an Init block in Kotlin?
• How to choose between apply and with?
• What is inline function in Kotlin?
• Difference between Coroutine and Java Thread
• Why Coroutines are light weight?
• How does Coroutine switch context?
• When to use Kotlin sealed classes?
• Suspending vs Blocking in Kotlin Coroutines
• What are Dispatchers and Name all of them
• On which thread Dispatchers .Default execute the task or use which thread?
• Dispatchers .Default vs Dispatcher .IO
• What is SupervisorScope?
• Exception Handling in Coroutine
• Map vs FlatMap in kotlin
• Singleton Pattern in Kotlin with object keyword
• Collections API in Kotlin
• What is Unidirectional Flow
• StateFlow vs SharedFlow
• Builder Pattern in Kotlin
• Higher Order Functions in Kotlin
• Covariance in Kotlin
• Delay vs Thread.sleep? Answer

Android

• How does Garbage collection works?
• What is a dangling pointer?
• Elaborate Memory Leak?
• Explain fragment Lifecycle when it comes to ViewPager and sliding between different fragments.
• Difference between FragmentStateAdapter and FragmentStatePagerAdapter.
• Difference between Serializable and Parcelable? What are the disadvantages of Serializable?
• How you could implement observable SharedPrefs or observable Databases i.e. Observe a certain key/table/query?
• How does layout inflation work from xml tags to view references in memory?
• What is a Thread, Handler, Looper, and Message Queue?
• What are the different methods of concurrency on Android? Can you explain the difference between ExecutorService vs CachedThreadPool vs FixedThreadPool vs AsyncTasks vs HandlerThreads?
• How does ViewModel instance provide to Activity and Fragment? How does ViewModelProviderStore decide when to retain the instance?
• How do you inspect and solve the Jank issue? here
• How does the OutOfMemory happen?
• How do you find memory leaks in Android applications?
• What is Doze? What about App Standby?
• What does setContentView do?
• Process of creating a custom view
• Deeplink understanding and architecture
• Notifications
• Difference between Fragment Lifecycle Observer and View Lifecycle Observer.
• When should you use a Fragment rather than an Activity?
• Explain the Android push notification system.
• How LiveData is different from ObservableField?
• What is the difference between setValue and postValue in LiveData?
• What is process death?
• What is ViewModelScope and How does it work internally?

Lifecycle

• How to keep a video maintain a playing state when we rotate the screen?
• How many callbacks are in Fragments?
• What could be the reasons why onPause didn't get triggered?
• What kind of events trigger onPause() to run?
• In what scenario does the "onDestory" get called directly after "onCreate"?
• Which callback gets called on Activity when an AlertDialog is shown?
• What's the lifecycle in PIP (Picture-in-Picture)?
• What happens if you rotate the device?
• Inside a viewpager (Fragment state pager adapter) what will be the lifecycle of the fragments when you swap from one tab to another?
• Why onActivityCreated is now depreciated in Fragment?
• Which callback should I use if I want to know when my activity came to the foreground?
• When is onActivityResult called?
• What does setRetainInstance do and how you can avoid it?
• What callbacks trigger when a Dialog opens up? In both cases, the dialog is attached from the same activity/fragment and another activity/fragment.
• What do launchWhenCreated, launchWhenStarted, and launchWhenResumed functions do?
• Fragment Callbacks when moving from one fragment to another and coming back to prev one?
• Does onCreateView get called after coming to a fragment from top fragment?
• When does ViewModel not survive

Important Lifecycle Points to Remember

Opening a fragment from Activity

Code

supportFragmentManager.beginTransaction()
    .replace(R.id.fragment_container, FragmentA())
    .commit()

Callbacks

MainActivity	onCreate
FragmentA	onAttach
FragmentA	onCreate
FragmentA	onCreateView
FragmentA	onViewCreated
FragmentA	CREATED == Lifecycle.State
FragmentA	onViewStateRestored
FragmentA	onStart
FragmentA	STARTED == Lifecycle.State
MainActivity	onStart
MainActivity	onResume
FragmentA	onResume
FragmentA	RESUMED == Lifecycle.State
MainActivity	onAttachedToWindow

Adding a Fragment from a Fragment

Code

parentFragmentManager.beginTransaction()
    .add(R.id.fragment_container, FragmentB())
    .commit()

parentFragmentManager.beginTransaction()
    .add(R.id.fragment_container, FragmentB())
    .addToBackStack(null)
    .commit()

Callbacks

FragmentB	onAttach
FragmentB	onCreate
FragmentB	onCreateView
FragmentB	onViewCreated
FragmentB	CREATED == Lifecycle.State
FragmentB	onViewStateRestored
FragmentB	onStart
FragmentB	STARTED == Lifecycle.State
FragmentB	onResume
FragmentB	RESUMED == Lifecycle.State

Replacing a Fragment from a Fragment

Code

parentFragmentManager.beginTransaction()
    .replace(R.id.fragment_container, FragmentB())
    .addToBackStack(null)
    .commit()

Callbacks

FragmentA	onPause
FragmentA	onStop
FragmentB	onAttach
FragmentB	onCreate
FragmentB	onCreateView
FragmentB	onViewCreated
FragmentB	CREATED == Lifecycle.State
FragmentB	onViewStateRestored
FragmentB	onStart
FragmentB	STARTED == Lifecycle.State
FragmentA	onDestroyView
FragmentB	onResume
FragmentB	RESUMED == Lifecycle.State

Code

parentFragmentManager.beginTransaction()
    .replace(R.id.fragment_container, FragmentB())
    .commit()

Callbacks

FragmentA	onPause
FragmentA	onStop
FragmentB	onAttach
FragmentB	onCreate
FragmentB	onCreateView
FragmentB	onViewCreated
FragmentB	CREATED == Lifecycle.State
FragmentB	onViewStateRestored
FragmentB	onStart
FragmentB	STARTED == Lifecycle.State
FragmentA	onDestroyView
FragmentA	onDestroy
FragmentA	onDetach
FragmentB	onResume
FragmentB	RESUMED == Lifecycle.State

Coming Back to Previous Fragment after Adding

Note: If addToBackStack is not used, and back stack is empty, nothing will happen when calling popBackStack() function

Code

// FragmentA
parentFragmentManager.beginTransaction()
    .add(R.id.fragment_container, FragmentB())
    .addToBackStack(null)
    .commit()

// FragmentB
parentFragmentManager.popBackStack()

Callbacks

FragmentB	onPause
FragmentB	onStop
FragmentB	onDestroyView
FragmentB	onDestroy
FragmentB	onDetach

FragmentA is visible. No FragmentA callbacks as FragmentA is always there, neither the view nor the lifecycle get affected.

Coming Back to Previous Fragment after Replacing

Note: If addToBackStack is not used, and back stack is empty, nothing will happen when calling popBackStack() function

Code

// FragmentA
parentFragmentManager.beginTransaction()
    .replace(R.id.fragment_container, FragmentB())
    .addToBackStack(null)
    .commit()

// FragmentB
parentFragmentManager.popBackStack()

Callbacks

FragmentB	onPause
FragmentB	onStop
FragmentA	onCreateView
FragmentA	onViewCreated
FragmentA	CREATED == Lifecycle.State
FragmentA	onViewStateRestored
FragmentA	onStart
FragmentA	STARTED == Lifecycle.State
FragmentB	onDestroyView
FragmentB	onDestroy
FragmentB	onDetach
FragmentA	onResume
FragmentA	RESUMED == Lifecycle.State

FragmentA view is created again. When replacing, the FragmentA view gets destroyed, onDestroyView gets called so when coming back it calls onCreateView to initialise the view again. Though, onCreate will not get called again.

Lifecycle State

There are 5 States:

• DESTROYED
• INITIALIZED
• CREATED
• STARTED
• RESUMED

Points to Remember

States are based on Context/Scope you are using in. Example:

viewLifecycleOwner.lifecycleScope.launch {
    repeatOnLifecycle(Lifecycle.State.CREATED) {
        //...
    }
}
// viewLifecycleOwner => Lifecycle of the View
// should be used between onCreateView() and onDestroyView()

this.lifecycleScope.launch {
    repeatOnLifecycle(Lifecycle.State.CREATED) {
        //...
    }
}
// this => Lifecycle of Fragment or Activity

CREATED	- listen in onDestroyView (if not View lifecycle) and in onStop, onSavedInstance too
STARTED	- listen in onStart, onPause
RESUMED	- listen in onResume
DESTROYED	- listen in onDestroyView (if View lifecycle) and in onDestroy
CREATED	- listen in onViewStateRestored (if View lifecycle)
CREATED	- listen in onCreate, onCreateView, onViewCreated, onViewStateRestored (if not View lifecycle)

Examples

• if state CREATED and app moves to background, it will listen. Hence, Avoid UI work here
• use state CREATED if need to complete action even after Fragment View destroy

Networking

• What is the role of OkHttp and Retrofit?
• What design pattern does Retrofit use?
• How would optimize the handling of access token expiration? How would you handle a retry network call when the API fails? (Custom Interceptor response)

Webview

• What are the problems around security when dealing with WebView?
• How to interact or make connections with JavaScript?

Dependency Injection

• Provides vs binds
• Subcomponent vs. component dependency, what is the difference under the hood
• What is a subcomponent and what is its use? How do you use qualifiers or how would you provide different instances of a class with the same data type? Constructor Injection V/s Method Injection? What is the scope? Singleton Annotation?
• What is Circular dependency in dagger? and how to resolve it
• What's interesting about Hilt?
• Did you use Koin? What are your thoughts on it?

Jetpack Compose

• How to launch a coroutine from a composable function? - LaunchedEffect
• How to launch a coroutine from a non-composable function, but tied to composition? - rememberCoroutineScope()
• What is recomposition? Recomposition
• What is remember in compose?
  • A composable function to remember the value produced by a calculation only at the time of composition. It will not calculate again in recomposition.
  • Recomposition will always return the value produced by composition.
  • Whole Compose is based on the concept of Positional Memoization
  • At the time of recomposition, remember internally calls a function called rememberedValue() whose work is to look into the slotTable and compare if the previous value and the new value have any difference, if not return, else update the value
• Why and when to use remember {}?
• Difference between LazyColumn and RecyclerView?
• What is AndroidView in compose?
• What is the lifecycle of composeables? Lifecycle
• How to avoid recomposition of any composable, if the state is not changed? Smart Recomposition
• What are stable types that can skip recomposition?
• What is State?
• What is MutableState and how does recomposition happen?
• How to retain State across recomposition and configuration changes?
• Difference between Stateless and Stateful composeables?
• What are your thoughts on flat hierarchy, constraint Layout in compose vs. the older view hierarchy in xml
• Difference b/w remember and LaunchedEffect
• Does re-composition of ComposeItem1 bring any effect on ComposeItem2? If yes, then how?
  • ComposeParent() { ComposeItem1 {} ComposeItem2() {...} }
  • What is CompositionLocal?
• Custom views in compose
• Canvas in Compose
• What are the benefits of Jetpack Compose?
• How does Jetpack Compose integrate with existing Android frameworks and libraries?
• What are the best practices for performance optimization in Jetpack Compose?
• How is navigation handled in Jetpack Compose?
• What is Strong Skipping Mode? Answer

Thread

• Different types of threads?
• Difference between different types of thread?
• Thread <-> Handler <-> looper
• UI vs Background Thread
• How do you know when some process if blocking a UI thread?

Architecture

• What are SOLID principles?
• What is MVVM?
• Brief about Android Architecture.
• MVP vs MVVM?
• Is there any issue in the Presenter in the MVP?
• Clean Architecture
• MVVM vs MVI
• What is Clean Architecture in MVVM
• What are Provides and Binds in your Dagger library

Design Pattern

• What is SOLID principle?
• What are different design patterns you know about?
• What is a creational pattern?
• What is a structural pattern?
• What is a behavioral pattern?
• Create Singleton Pattern without Kotlin default implementation
• Create Observer Pattern
• Create Adapter Pattern
• How to make a Singleton Pattern Thread Safe?
• What is Dependency Inversion
• Write a real-life example of Dependency Injection without using any library
• Explain how Android Architecture components (ViewModel, LiveData, etc.) utilize design patterns behind the scenes

System Design

• Design Image Loading Library
• Design Image Downloading Library
• Design LRU Cache
• Design a real-time Twitter feed timeline. How will you structure the backend? Will you use WebSocket or REST for this use case? Justify.
• Design Networking Library
• Design Checkout Screen
• Design Error handling Structure
• REST <-> Web Sockets
• Implement caching mechanism
• Build an offline-first app
• Design Analytics Library

Libraries

• How does Glide internally work?
• How does retrofit work internally?
• ViewModel internal working
• How will you choose between Dagger 2 and Dagger-Hilt?

Common Question

• String vs StringBuilder
• == vs .equals?
• === vs ==?
• Java OOP concepts

Questions from Company

Company	Questions
Booking.com	Implement findViewById method Given a list of words as input, output another list of strings, each containing words that are mutual anagrams Identify whether four sides (given by four integers) can form a square, a rectangle or neither Output a delta encoding for the sequence. In a delta encoding, the first element is reproduced as-is. Each subsequent element is represented as the numeric difference from the element before it Three integer arrays are given with duplicate numbers. Find the common elements among three arrays Twisted question related to ConcurrentModificationException in an ArrayList How do you implement a hotel list and detail screen? Discuss what all APIs You will create and how the layout will be Fragments & their lifecycle, Activity lifecycle, Views, Layouts Background task in Android - Asynctask, service, intent services, etc Given dates and number of check-in and check-out on those dates. Find the busiest day in the hotel. [Merge Array interval type question] Given an array, determine if there are repeated elements. If an element is repeated more than 3 times, return those elements. This question is basically doing a hash and checking if the hash already exists. Someone used a Map and a Set. Given a list of positive words, negative words, and a review, determine if the review is flagged as positive, negative, or neutral. Someone solved it using a Set. Someone just needed to do some count (+ or -) regarding where the word appeared (positive list or negative).
Spotify	Design components and overall architecture for a Search feature in an Android application. [Spotify - Android Engineer II - London, UK - Sep 2022] Design a Disk based Cache for the client. [Spotify System Design Android/iOS Client] Platform independent, Key will be 32 bytes, Value can be anything but in Byte array, Cache should be persistent, Cache should max hold 100k+ Objects, Cache Max size should be configurable ( Max Size: 10 MB upto 1GB), Cache should be opaque, Cache should be Secure Linked List Cycle Palindrome Linked List
PhonePe	Minimum Meetroom scheduling Anagram Strings based question
Paytm	To check if strings are rotations of each other or not. If they are in rotation print the no. of rotations. Find the string is anagram or not Design components and overall architecture for a Search feature in an Android application Sort an array of 0s, 1s and 2s Abstract vs Interface Android Memory related
Meesho	SOLID principles Dagger, why use dependency injection, what if we do not think it is important, like alternatives? How to create our own dependency injection library. why use MVVM over MVP, think outside the box, we could have used observables using RxJava, etc. - open-ended questions around it Multi-Module benefits and why use it How to handle dependencies or abstraction in multi-module val vs const inline keyword lateinit vs lazy

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Android Roadmap 2024

Topics	Sub-Topics
Programming Languages	Kotlin Java
Android Architecture
Runtime	Dalvik Virtual Machine Android Runtime
Android Manifest	Package Application Id
Permissions	Install-time Permissions Special Permissions Runtime Permissions Permissions Groups
Android Build	APK AAB
Thread	Processes Threads Inter Process Communication Handlers Loopers Message Queue UI Thread Background Thread Heap & Stack
Fundamental Components	Activity Services Broadcast Receiver Content Provider
Intent	Implicit Intent Explicit Intent Intent Filters Intent Flags
Activity	Activity Lifecycle Tasks and Back Stacks Bundles Parcelables Recent Screens App Shortcuts Context
Services	Service Lifecycle Foreground Service Background Service Bound Service AIDL Job Scheduler WorkManager IntentService
Broadcast Receiver	Pub-Sub System Broadcast Permissions Security
Content Provider	Content Resolver Cursor MIME Types Contracts
Data Storage	App Specific Storage Shared Storage Preferences Database Scoped Storage LRU Cache SQLite ROOM Data Store
Fragments	Fragment Lifecycle Dialog Fragment Fragment Transactions Fragment Manager View Lifecycle BackStack Fragment-Activity Communication Fragment-Fragment Communication
Navigation Component	Host Graph Controller Back Stacks Destinations Deeplink
Jetpack Components	ViewModel LiveData Paging Lifecycle WorkManager Data Binding
UI	XML Jetpack Compose
Jetpack Compose	Composition ReComposition State Hoisting Remember RememberSaveable Side Effects LaunchedEffect DisposableEffect DerivedStateOf SnapshotFlow CompositionLocal Theming Modifier Layouts Box/Column/Row Image/painter Coil LazyColumn/LayRow Text/Button/ other ui components
Testing	UI Testing Unit Testing Espresso Robolectric Mockk
Debugging	Logcat Timber Break Points Chucker Charles LeakCanary
Libraries	Retrofit OkHttp Glide Material3 Hilt Dagger Retrofit
Benchmark	Micro Benchmark Macro Benchmark
Static Analysis	Ktlint Detekt Android Lint
GitHub Actions	Pipeline Build Generation Workflow
Gradle	Commands Groovy
Common Errors	ANR App Crash Fatal Error OOM ArrayOutOfBound
Proguard	Obfuscation Keep
Code Architecture	MVP MVVM MVI Modularization Design Patterns Network Layer Data Layer UI Layer Domain/Repository/...
Firebase	Crashlytics Remote Config A/B Testing
App Release	App Release Process App Distribution Google Play Console App Review/Ratings App Size App Policies

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Kotlin Sheet 2024

Jetpack Compose Sheet 2024

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