chore: update application structure, directory layout and dependencies for the post-1.5.0 era

This commit and the accompanying updates to the tutorial steps constitute a major re-structuring of
the tutorial app's codebase, aiming at applying established best practices (in terms of file
naming/layout and code organization) and utilizing several new features and enhancements (most
notably components) introduced in recent versions of Angular (especially v1.5).

Apart from the overall changes, two new chapters were introduced: one on components and one on code
organization.

--
In the process, several other things were (incidentally) taken care of, including:

* Dependencies were upgraded to latest versions.
* Animations were polished.
* Outdated links were updated.
* The app's base URL was changed to `/` (instead of `/app/`).

BTW, this has been tested with the following versions of Node (on Windows 10) and everything worked
fine:

* 0.11.16
* 4.2.6
* 4.4.2
* 5.10.0

--
This was inspired by (and loosely based on) #289.
Mad props to @teropa for leading the way :)

--
**Note:**
The old version of the tutorial, that is compatible with Angular version 1.4 or older, has been
saved on the `pre-v1.5.0-snapshot` branch. The `v1.4.x` version of the tutorial should be pointed
to that branch instead of `master`.

--
Related to angular/angular.js#14416.
Related to angular/angular-seed#329.
Related to angular/angular-seed#333.

---
Fixes #198
Fixes #214
Fixes #224
Fixes #230
Fixes #243
Fixes #246
Fixes #252
Fixes #277
Fixes #286
Fixes #295
Fixes #303
Fixes #304
Fixes #323
Fixes #324

Closes #268
Closes #270
Closes #278
Closes #280
Closes #289
Closes #309
Closes #311
Closes #319

Author: gkalpak

.bowerrc

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 {
   "directory": "app/bower_components",
   "interactive": false
-}
+}

.jshintrc

@@ -1,15 +1,24 @@
 {
-  "globalstrict": true,
+  "strict": "global",
   "globals": {
+    // Angular
     "angular": false,
 
-    "browser": false,
-    "element": false,
-    "by": false,
+    // Angular mocks
+    "module": false,
+    "inject": false,
 
+    // Jasmine
+    "jasmine": false,
     "describe": false,
     "beforeEach": false,
+    "afterEach": false,
     "it": false,
-    "expect": false
+    "expect": false,
+
+    // Protractor
+    "browser": false,
+    "element": false,
+    "by": false
   }
-}
+}

.travis.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 language: node_js
 node_js:
-  - 0.10
+  - '4.4'
 
 env: BROWSERS=firefox E2E_BROWSERS=Firefox