MdInput dimensions are not equal to those in spec

[jakpaw]

Bug, feature request, or proposal:

Bug

What is the expected behavior?

MdInput height and vertical distances between label, input and underline should be equal to those in spec: https://material.io/guidelines/components/text-fields.html#text-fields-labels

What is the current behavior?

MdInput dimensions are font-size dependent, but neither setting font size to 16px nor to 13px (sizes defined in spec for normal and dense input) gives the right dimensions.

What are the steps to reproduce?

Check mdInput dimensions at https://material.angular.io/components/component/input

What is the use-case or motivation for changing an existing behavior?

To be compliant with spec.

Which versions of Angular, Material, OS, browsers are affected?

2.0.0-beta.1

Is there anything else we should know?

[jelbourn]

Should be resolved via #4788

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