Fix for infinite recursion due to secrets_masker

We can get into trouble for types that cannot be initiated with re2's `type(obj)()` call. The `secrets_masker` thus fails, which triggers a warning log, which also fails because we pass the object to the logger, which is then masked again, and so forth.

We can break the recursion by emitting a log without trying to redact the value again (this ensures no new bug will cause a stack overflow). This issue has occured previously: #19816 (comment)
Additionally, we fix this particular bug by ensuring whatever re2 receives is a simple `str`.

I noticed this issue while working with a DAG that calls Airflow's DB cleanup function.

Example DAG:
```
from datetime import datetime

from airflow import DAG
from airflow.models import Variable
from airflow.operators.python import PythonOperator

class MyStringClass(str):
    def __init__(self, required_arg):
        pass

def fail(task_instance):
    # make sure the `SecretsMasker` has a replacer
    Variable.set(key="secret", value="secret_value")
    Variable.get("secret")
    # trigger the infinite recursion
    task_instance.log.info("%s", MyStringClass("secret_value"))

with DAG(
    dag_id="secrets_masker_recursion",
    start_date=datetime(2023, 9, 26),
):
    PythonOperator(task_id="fail", python_callable=fail)

```

airflow/utils/log/secrets_masker.py

@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ def _redact(self, item: Redactable, name: str | None, depth: int, max_depth: int
                     # We can't replace specific values, but the key-based redacting
                     # can still happen, so we can't short-circuit, we need to walk
                     # the structure.
-                    return self.replacer.sub("***", item)
+                    return self.replacer.sub("***", str(item))
                 return item
             elif isinstance(item, (tuple, set)):
                 # Turn set in to tuple!
@@ -276,14 +276,15 @@ def _redact(self, item: Redactable, name: str | None, depth: int, max_depth: int
                 return item
         # I think this should never happen, but it does not hurt to leave it just in case
         # Well. It happened (see https://github.com/apache/airflow/issues/19816#issuecomment-983311373)
-        # but it caused infinite recursion, so we need to cast it to str first.
+        # but it caused infinite recursion, to avoid this we mark the log as already filtered.
         except Exception as exc:
             log.warning(
-                "Unable to redact %r, please report this via <https://github.com/apache/airflow/issues>. "
-                "Error was: %s: %s",
+                "Unable to redact type %s, please report this via "
+                "<https://github.com/apache/airflow/issues>. Error was: %s: %s",
                 item,
                 type(exc).__name__,
                 exc,
+                extra={self.ALREADY_FILTERED_FLAG: True},
             )
             return item
 

tests/utils/log/test_secrets_masker.py

@@ -305,6 +305,24 @@ def test_redact_max_depth(self, val, expected, max_depth):
             got = redact(val, max_depth=max_depth)
             assert got == expected
 
+    def test_redact_with_str_type(self, logger, caplog):
+        """
+        SecretsMasker's re2 replacer has issues handling a redactable item of type
+        `str` with required constructor args. This test ensures there is a shim in
+        place that avoids any issues.
+        See: https://github.com/apache/airflow/issues/19816#issuecomment-983311373
+        """
+
+        class StrLikeClassWithRequiredConstructorArg(str):
+            def __init__(self, required_arg):
+                pass
+
+        text = StrLikeClassWithRequiredConstructorArg("password")
+        logger.info("redacted: %s", text)
+
+        # we expect the object's __str__() output to be logged (no warnings due to a failed masking)
+        assert caplog.messages == ["redacted: ***"]
+
     @pytest.mark.parametrize(
         "state, expected",
         [