Add start execution from triggerer support to dynamic task mapping

[Lee-W]

This is a follow-up PR of #39585, which enables the mapped operator to start execution from triggerer

Why

Dynamic task mapping is not yet supported in #38674 and #39585.

What

Allow DAG authors to provide argument trigger_kwargs and start_from_trigger in __init__ which can be used in expand.

from __future__ import annotations

from datetime import timedelta
from typing import Any

from airflow.models.baseoperator import BaseOperator, StartTriggerArgs
from airflow.triggers.temporal import TimeDeltaTrigger


class AsyncOperator(BaseOperator):
    start_trigger_args = StartTriggerArgs(
        trigger_cls="airflow.triggers.testing.SuccessTrigger",
        trigger_kwargs={},
        next_method="execute_complete",
        timeout=None,
    )
    start_from_trigger = True

    def __init__(self, *args, start_from_trigger: bool, trigger_kwargs=None, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.start_from_trigger = start_from_trigger
        self.start_trigger_args.trigger_kwargs = trigger_kwargs

    def execute(self, context):
        self.log.info("execute")

    def execute_complete(self, context, event=None) -> None:
        self.log.info("execute complete")

from __future__ import annotations

import datetime

import pendulum

from airflow import DAG
from airflow.operators.async_op import AsyncOperator

with DAG(
    dag_id="example_async_operator",
    schedule=None,
    start_date=pendulum.datetime(2021, 1, 1, tz="UTC"),
    catchup=False,
    dagrun_timeout=datetime.timedelta(minutes=10),
) as dag:
    add_one_task = AsyncOperator.partial(task_id="add_one").expand(
        trigger_kwargs=[{}, {}], start_from_trigger=[True, False]
    )

---

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[Lee-W]

The code here is not yet well structured but has been tested locally and seems to work fine. It would be great if I could get some reviews and suggestions. Thanks!

[Lee-W]

This PR is ready to be reviewed but blocked by #39585 so I'll keep it as draft for now.

[uranusjr]

Probably shouldn’t be an approval (the exception class likely needs discussion, and I would prefer the function in AbstractOperator to be a part of this PR), but close enough.

[Lee-W]

The latest comments from @uranusjr have been addressed. I'll go ahead and merge this one.