apache · jscheffl · Jun 27, 2025 · Jun 27, 2025 · Jun 27, 2025 · Jun 27, 2025
diff --git a/.github/actions/install-pre-commit/action.yml b/.github/actions/install-pre-commit/action.yml
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ description: 'Installs pre-commit and related packages'
 inputs:
   python-version:
     description: 'Python version to use'
-    default: "3.9"
+    default: "3.10"
   uv-version:
     description: 'uv version to use'
     default: "0.7.16"  # Keep this comment to allow automatic replacement of uv version

diff --git a/.github/actions/prepare_all_ci_images/action.yml b/.github/actions/prepare_all_ci_images/action.yml
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ runs:
     #       this should be implemented in stash action as list of keys to download.
     #       That includes 3.9 - 3.12 as we are backporting it to v3-0-test branch
     #       This is captured in https://github.com/apache/airflow/issues/45268
+    #       So we actually need 3.9 even if 3.9 support on main is dropped!
     - name: "Restore CI docker image ${{ inputs.platform }}:3.9"
       uses: ./.github/actions/prepare_single_ci_image
       with:

@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ jobs:
       GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
       GITHUB_USERNAME: ${{ github.actor }}
       INCLUDE_SUCCESS_OUTPUTS: false
-      PYTHON_MAJOR_MINOR_VERSION: 3.9
+      PYTHON_MAJOR_MINOR_VERSION: 3.10
       VERBOSE: "true"
       EXTRA_BUILD_OPTIONS: ${{ needs.build-info.outputs.extra-build-options }}
     steps:
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ jobs:
       GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
       GITHUB_USERNAME: ${{ github.actor }}
       INCLUDE_SUCCESS_OUTPUTS: false
-      PYTHON_MAJOR_MINOR_VERSION: 3.9
+      PYTHON_MAJOR_MINOR_VERSION: 3.10
       VERBOSE: "true"
     steps:
       - name: "Cleanup repo"

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ on:  # yamllint disable-line rule:truthy
         default: false
       limitPythonVersions:
         type: string
-        description: 'Force python versions (e.g. "3.9 3.10")'
+        description: 'Force python versions (e.g. "3.10 3.11")'
         default: ''
 permissions:
   contents: read

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ on:  # yamllint disable-line rule:truthy
         type: string
         required: true
       pythonVersion:
-        description: 'Python version (e.g. 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11)'
+        description: 'Python version (e.g. 3.10, 3.11)'
         type: string
         required: true
       skipLatest:

diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -237,8 +237,7 @@ repos:
         entry: ./scripts/ci/pre_commit/check_deferrable_default.py
         pass_filenames: false
         # libcst doesn't have source wheels for all PY except PY3.12, excluding it
-        # libcst 1.8.1 doesn't include typing-extensions which is needed for Python 3.9
-        additional_dependencies: ['libcst>=1.1.0,!=1.8.0,!=1.8.1']
+        additional_dependencies: ['libcst>=1.8.1']
         files: ^(providers/.*/)?airflow/.*/(sensors|operators)/.*\.py$
   - repo: https://github.com/asottile/blacken-docs
     rev: 1.19.1
@@ -247,7 +246,6 @@ repos:
         name: Run black on docs
         args:
           - --line-length=110
-          - --target-version=py39
           - --target-version=py310
           - --target-version=py311
           - --target-version=py312

diff --git a/.readthedocs.yml b/.readthedocs.yml
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ formats: []
 sphinx:
     configuration: devel-common/src/docs/rtd-deprecation/conf.py
 python:
-    version: "3.9"
+    version: "3.10"
     install:
         - method: pip
           path: .

diff --git a/AGENTS.md b/AGENTS.md
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ how to set up the environment, run checks, build docs and follow the PR workflow
 
 ## Running tests
 
-- [`03_contributors_quick_start.rst`](contributing-docs/03_contributors_quick_start.rst) shows running tests inside Breeze. Use `pytest` inside the container for individual files or invoke `breeze testing` commands to run full suites, e.g. `breeze --backend postgres --python 3.9 testing tests --test-type All`.
+- [`03_contributors_quick_start.rst`](contributing-docs/03_contributors_quick_start.rst) shows running tests inside Breeze. Use `pytest` inside the container for individual files or invoke `breeze testing` commands to run full suites, e.g. `breeze --backend postgres --python 3.10 testing tests --test-type All`.
 
 ## Building documentation
 

@@ -840,7 +840,7 @@ chmod 1777 /tmp
 
 AIRFLOW_SOURCES=$(cd "${IN_CONTAINER_DIR}/../.." || exit 1; pwd)
 
-PYTHON_MAJOR_MINOR_VERSION=${PYTHON_MAJOR_MINOR_VERSION:=3.9}
+PYTHON_MAJOR_MINOR_VERSION=${PYTHON_MAJOR_MINOR_VERSION:=3.10}
 
 export AIRFLOW_HOME=${AIRFLOW_HOME:=${HOME}}
 

diff --git a/INSTALL b/INSTALL
@@ -229,15 +229,15 @@ to avoid "works-for-me" syndrome, where you use different versions of dependenci
 that are used in main CI tests and by other contributors.
 
 There are different constraint files for different Python versions. For example, this command will install
-all basic devel requirements and requirements of Google provider as last successfully tested for Python 3.9:
+all basic devel requirements and requirements of Google provider as last successfully tested for Python 3.10:
 
    uv pip install -e ".[devel,google]"" \
-      --constraint "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/airflow/constraints-main/constraints-3.9.txt"
+      --constraint "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/airflow/constraints-main/constraints-3.10.txt"
 
 Using the 'constraints-no-providers' constraint files, you can upgrade Airflow without paying attention to the provider's dependencies. This allows you to keep installed provider dependencies and install the latest supported ones using pure Airflow core.
 
   uv pip install -e ".[devel]" \
-     --constraint "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/airflow/constraints-main/constraints-no-providers-3.9.txt"
+     --constraint "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/airflow/constraints-main/constraints-no-providers-3.10.txt"
 
 Note that you can also use `pip install` if you do not use `uv`.
 

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -178,14 +178,14 @@ them to the appropriate format and workflow that your tool requires.
 
 ```bash
 pip install 'apache-airflow==3.0.2' \
- --constraint "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/airflow/constraints-3.0.2/constraints-3.9.txt"
+ --constraint "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/airflow/constraints-3.0.2/constraints-3.10.txt"
 ```
 
 2. Installing with extras (i.e., postgres, google)
 
 ```bash
 pip install 'apache-airflow[postgres,google]==3.0.2' \
- --constraint "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/airflow/constraints-3.0.2/constraints-3.9.txt"
+ --constraint "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/airflow/constraints-3.0.2/constraints-3.10.txt"
 ```
 
 For information on installing provider distributions, check
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ They are based on the official release schedule of Python and Kubernetes, nicely
 1. We drop support for Python and Kubernetes versions when they reach EOL. Except for Kubernetes, a
    version stays supported by Airflow if two major cloud providers still provide support for it. We drop
    support for those EOL versions in main right after EOL date, and it is effectively removed when we release
-   the first new MINOR (Or MAJOR if there is no new MINOR version) of Airflow. For example, for Python 3.9 it
+   the first new MINOR (Or MAJOR if there is no new MINOR version) of Airflow. For example, for Python 3.10 it
    means that we will drop support in main right after 27.06.2023, and the first MAJOR or MINOR version of
    Airflow released after will not have it.
 

diff --git a/airflow-core/docs/installation/installing-from-pypi.rst b/airflow-core/docs/installation/installing-from-pypi.rst
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ You can create the URL to the file substituting the variables in the template be
 where:
 
 - ``AIRFLOW_VERSION`` - Airflow version (e.g. :subst-code:`|version|`) or ``main``, ``2-0``, for latest development version
-- ``PYTHON_VERSION`` Python version e.g. ``3.9``, ``3.10``
+- ``PYTHON_VERSION`` Python version e.g. ``3.10``, ``3.11``
 
 The examples below assume that you want to use install Airflow in a reproducible way with the ``celery`` extra,
 but you can pick your own set of extras and providers to install.
@@ -321,9 +321,9 @@ dependencies compatible with just Airflow core at the moment Airflow was release
 
     AIRFLOW_VERSION=|version|
     PYTHON_VERSION="$(python -c 'import sys; print(f"{sys.version_info.major}.{sys.version_info.minor}")')"
-    # For example: 3.9
+    # For example: 3.10
     CONSTRAINT_URL="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/airflow/constraints-${AIRFLOW_VERSION}/constraints-no-providers-${PYTHON_VERSION}.txt"
-    # For example: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/airflow/constraints-|version|/constraints-no-providers-3.9.txt
+    # For example: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/airflow/constraints-|version|/constraints-no-providers-3.10.txt
     pip install "apache-airflow==${AIRFLOW_VERSION}" --constraint "${CONSTRAINT_URL}"
 
 Troubleshooting
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ Symbol not found: ``_Py_GetArgcArgv``
 =====================================
 
 If you see ``Symbol not found: _Py_GetArgcArgv`` while starting or importing ``airflow``, this may mean that you are using an incompatible version of Python.
-For a homebrew installed version of Python, this is generally caused by using Python in ``/usr/local/opt/bin`` rather than the Frameworks installation (e.g. for ``python 3.9``: ``/usr/local/opt/python@3.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9``).
+For a homebrew installed version of Python, this is generally caused by using Python in ``/usr/local/opt/bin`` rather than the Frameworks installation (e.g. for ``python 3.10``: ``/usr/local/opt/python@3.10/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.10``).
 
 The crux of the issue is that a library Airflow depends on, ``setproctitle``, uses a non-public Python API
 which is not available from the standard installation ``/usr/local/opt/`` (which symlinks to a path under ``/usr/local/Cellar``).
@@ -356,9 +356,9 @@ An easy fix is just to ensure you use a version of Python that has a dylib of th
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-  # Note: these instructions are for python3.9 but can be loosely modified for other versions
-  brew install python@3.9
-  virtualenv -p /usr/local/opt/python@3.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/bin/python3 .toy-venv
+  # Note: these instructions are for python3.10 but can be loosely modified for other versions
+  brew install python@3.10
+  virtualenv -p /usr/local/opt/python@3.10/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.10/bin/python3 .toy-venv
   source .toy-venv/bin/activate
   pip install apache-airflow
   python

diff --git a/airflow-core/docs/installation/prerequisites.rst b/airflow-core/docs/installation/prerequisites.rst
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Prerequisites
 
 Airflow® is tested with:
 
-* Python: 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12
+* Python: 3.10, 3.11, 3.12
 
 * Databases:
 

diff --git a/airflow-core/docs/installation/upgrading_to_airflow3.rst b/airflow-core/docs/installation/upgrading_to_airflow3.rst
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Step 1: Take care of prerequisites
 ----------------------------------
 
 - Make sure that you are on Airflow 2.7 or later. It is recommended to upgrade to latest 2.x and then to Airflow 3.
-- Make sure that your Python version is in the supported list. Airflow 3.0.0 supports the following Python versions: Python 3.9, 3.10, 3.11 and 3.12.
+- Make sure that your Python version is in the supported list. Airflow 3.0.0 supports the following Python versions: Python 3.10, 3.11 and 3.12.
 - Ensure that you are not using any features or functionality that have been :ref:`removed in Airflow 3<breaking-changes>`.
 
 

diff --git a/airflow-core/docs/start.rst b/airflow-core/docs/start.rst
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ This quick start guide will help you bootstrap an Airflow standalone instance on
 
 .. note::
 
-   Successful installation requires a Python 3 environment. Starting with Airflow 2.7.0, Airflow supports Python 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, and 3.12.
+   Successful installation requires a Python 3 environment. Starting with Airflow 2.7.0, Airflow supports Python 3.10, 3.11, and 3.12.
 
    Officially supported installation methods is with``pip`.
 

diff --git a/airflow-core/pyproject.toml b/airflow-core/pyproject.toml
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ name = "apache-airflow-core"
 description = "Core packages for Apache Airflow, schedule and API server"
 readme = { file = "README.md", content-type = "text/markdown" }
 license-files.globs = ["LICENSE", "3rd-party-licenses/*.txt", "NOTICE"]
-requires-python = "~=3.9,<3.13"
+requires-python = "~=3.10,<3.13"
 authors = [
     { name = "Apache Software Foundation", email = "dev@airflow.apache.org" },
 ]
@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@ classifiers = [
     "Intended Audience :: Developers",
     "Intended Audience :: System Administrators",
     "License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License",
-    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class ConnectionResponse(BaseModel):
     def redact_password(cls, v: str | None, field_info: ValidationInfo) -> str | None:
         if v is None:
             return None
-        return redact(v, field_info.field_name)
+        return str(redact(v, field_info.field_name))
 
     @field_validator("extra", mode="before")
     @classmethod

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def redact_val(self) -> Self:
             return self
         except json.JSONDecodeError:
             # value is not a serialized string representation of a dict.
-            self.val = redact(self.val, self.key)
+            self.val = str(redact(self.val, self.key))
             return self
 
 

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ A command-line tool for interacting with Apache Airflow instances through the Ai
 
 ## Requirements
 
-- Python 3.9 or later (compatible with Python >= 3.9 and < 3.13)
+- Python 3.10 or later (compatible with Python >= 3.10 and < 3.13)
 - Network access to an Apache Airflow instance with REST API enabled
 - Keyring backend installed in operating system for secure token storage
 

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ You can create the URL to the file substituting the variables in the template be
 where:
 
 - ``AIRFLOW_CTL_VERSION`` - Airflow CTL version (e.g. :subst-code:`|version|`) or ``main``, ``2-0``, for latest development version
-- ``PYTHON_VERSION`` Python version e.g. ``3.9``, ``3.10``
+- ``PYTHON_VERSION`` Python version e.g. ``3.10``, ``3.11``
 
 
 Verifying installed dependencies

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ name = "apache-airflow-ctl"
 dynamic = ["version"]
 description = "Apache Airflow command line tool for communicating with an Apache Airflow, using the API."
 readme = { file = "README.md", content-type = "text/markdown" }
-requires-python = ">=3.9, <3.13"
+requires-python = ">=3.10, <3.13"
 dependencies = [
     # TODO there could be still missing deps such as airflow-core
     "argcomplete>=1.10",
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ dependencies = [
     "rich-argparse>=1.0.0",
     "structlog>=25.2.0",
     "uuid6>=2024.7.10",
-    "eval-type-backport>=0.2.0; python_version == '3.9'",
 ]
 
 classifiers = [
@@ -130,14 +129,14 @@ enum-field-as-literal='one' # When a single enum member, make it output a `Liter
 input-file-type='openapi'
 output-model-type='pydantic_v2.BaseModel'
 output-datetime-class='datetime'
-target-python-version='3.9'
+target-python-version='3.10'
 use-annotated=true
 use-default=true
 use-double-quotes=true
 use-schema-description=true  # Desc becomes class doc comment
 use-standard-collections=true # list[] not List[]
 use-subclass-enum=true # enum, not union of Literals
-use-union-operator=true # 3.9+annotations, not `Union[]`
+use-union-operator=true # +annotations, not `Union[]`
 
 input = "../airflow-core/src/airflow/api_fastapi/core_api/openapi/v2-rest-api-generated.yaml"
 output = "src/airflowctl/api/datamodels/generated.py"

@@ -22,8 +22,9 @@
 import json
 import os
 import sys
+from collections.abc import Callable
 from functools import wraps
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Literal, TypeVar, cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal, ParamSpec, TypeVar, cast
 
 import httpx
 import keyring
@@ -53,7 +54,6 @@
     AirflowCtlException,
     AirflowCtlNotFoundException,
 )
-from airflowctl.typing_compat import ParamSpec
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     # # methodtools doesn't have typestubs, so give a stub

@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@
 import os
 import textwrap
 from argparse import Namespace
-from collections.abc import Iterable
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
 from functools import partial
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Any, Callable, NamedTuple, Union
+from typing import Any, NamedTuple
 
 import rich
 
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ def from_group_command(cls, group_command: GroupCommand) -> GroupCommandParser:
         )
 
 
-CLICommand = Union[ActionCommand, GroupCommand, GroupCommandParser]
+CLICommand = ActionCommand | GroupCommand | GroupCommandParser
 
 
 class CommandFactory:

@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import itertools
-from collections.abc import Iterable
-from typing import Callable, TypeVar
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
+from typing import TypeVar
 
 T = TypeVar("T")
 

@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ classifiers = [
     "Intended Audience :: Developers",
     "Intended Audience :: System Administrators",
     "License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License",
-    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",