Add a prototype Edge Worker client to the Go SDK

[ashb]

As the Edeg API server is currently implemented we need to "pretend" to be a
specific Airflow and Edge provider version. These default to the currently
released versions, but can be changed via env vars to work elsewhere.

This works enough to run tasks, but there might need to be some changes to the
Edge API to support non-python clients (for example, working out the
versioning strategy to make it long-term supportible and not need the Airflow
and Edge Provider version to match 100%).

A chunk of the changes here are to make the config and global setup "more well
structured" -- so that they are suitable to be easily called from multiple
workers (Celery and Go, useful if we don't end up keeping the Celery worker)

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Read the Pull Request Guidelines for more information.
In case of fundamental code changes, an Airflow Improvement Proposal (AIP) is needed.
In case of a new dependency, check compliance with the ASF 3rd Party License Policy.
In case of backwards incompatible changes please leave a note in a newsfragment file, named {pr_number}.significant.rst or {issue_number}.significant.rst, in airflow-core/newsfragments.

[Copilot]

Pull Request Overview

This PR adds a prototype Edge Worker client to the Go SDK, allowing Go workers to connect to the Edge API server and execute Airflow workloads. The implementation includes JWT authentication to mimic specific Airflow and Edge provider versions, with fallback defaults that can be configured via environment variables.

Key changes:

• Adds Edge API client generation and JWT authentication middleware
• Implements edge worker with job fetching, heartbeat, and task execution capabilities
• Refactors configuration management for better reusability across worker types
• Consolidates logging configuration and level handling

Reviewed Changes

Copilot reviewed 17 out of 18 changed files in this pull request and generated 1 comment.

Show a summary per file

File	Description
go-sdk/pkg/edgeapi/client.go	JWT authentication middleware for Edge API
go-sdk/pkg/edgeapi/client.gen.go	Generated Edge API client from OpenAPI spec
go-sdk/edge/worker.go	Core edge worker implementation with job management
go-sdk/pkg/config/config.go	Refactored shared configuration and logging setup
go-sdk/pkg/logging/level.go	Centralized trace level constant definition
go-sdk/pkg/logging/shclog/shclog.go	Updated to use centralized trace level
go-sdk/pkg/worker/runner.go	Removed verbose logging statement

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