GH-41121: [C++] Fix: left anti join filter empty rows. (#41122)

### Rationale for this change

Since the left anti filter implementation is based on the left semi filter, and an assertion error occurs when the left semi filter rows are empty, this problem should be fixed.

### What changes are included in this PR?

swiss_join.cc and hash_join_node_test.cc

### Are these changes tested?
Yes

### Are there any user-facing changes?
No

* GitHub Issue: #41121

Lead-authored-by: light-city <455954986@qq.com>
Co-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <pitrou@free.fr>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>

cpp/src/arrow/acero/hash_join_node_test.cc

@@ -2036,6 +2036,29 @@ TEST(HashJoin, ResidualFilter) {
                   [3, 4, "alpha", 4, 16, "alpha"]])")});
 }
 
+TEST(HashJoin, FilterEmptyRows) {
+  // Regression test for GH-41121.
+  BatchesWithSchema input_left;
+  input_left.batches = {
+      ExecBatchFromJSON({int32(), utf8(), int32()}, R"([[2, "Jarry", 28]])")};
+  input_left.schema =
+      schema({field("id", int32()), field("name", utf8()), field("age", int32())});
+
+  BatchesWithSchema input_right;
+  input_right.batches = {ExecBatchFromJSON(
+      {int32(), int32(), utf8()},
+      R"([[2, 10, "Jack"], [3, 12, "Mark"], [4, 15, "Tom"], [1, 10, "Jack"]])")};
+  input_right.schema =
+      schema({field("id", int32()), field("stu_id", int32()), field("subject", utf8())});
+
+  const ResidualFilterCaseRunner runner{std::move(input_left), std::move(input_right)};
+
+  Expression filter = greater(field_ref("age"), literal(25));
+
+  runner.Run(JoinType::LEFT_ANTI, {"id"}, {"stu_id"}, std::move(filter),
+             {ExecBatchFromJSON({int32(), utf8(), int32()}, R"([[2, "Jarry", 28]])")});
+}
+
 TEST(HashJoin, TrivialResidualFilter) {
   Expression always_true =
       equal(call("add", {field_ref("l1"), field_ref("r1")}), literal(2));  // 1 + 1 == 2

cpp/src/arrow/acero/swiss_join.cc

@@ -2167,6 +2167,11 @@ Status JoinResidualFilter::FilterOneBatch(const ExecBatch& keypayload_batch,
   ARROW_DCHECK(!output_payload_ids || payload_ids_maybe_null);
 
   *num_passing_rows = 0;
+
+  if (num_batch_rows == 0) {
+    return Status::OK();
+  }
+
   ARROW_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(Datum mask,
                         EvalFilter(keypayload_batch, num_batch_rows, batch_row_ids,
                                    key_ids_maybe_null, payload_ids_maybe_null));