[C++] Test precision range for decimal data type in C++

[asfimport]

Would it be possible to test the range for the decimal precision in C++? At the moment this functionality is being tested in the {arrow} R package and the GLib library.

This PR captures perfectly the location of the unit tests.  

Reporter: Dragoș Moldovan-Grünfeld / @dragosmg

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-15162. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[thisisnic]

This was completed in #43957 so closing this now