[Doris On ES] Replace /_cluster/state in Doris On ES

[stalary]

Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.
Replace /_cluster/state in Doris On ES, because this interface requires too many permissions

Describe the solution you'd like
The detection of index mapping and shard location is divided into two phases

[wuyunfeng]

@stalary Can you add [Doris On ES] at the front of the title or pr ?

[wuyunfeng]

related: #3306