[Bug](function) add index check on function like

[BiteTheDDDDt]

What problem does this PR solve?

Sometimes we encounter offset[last]<chars.size(), since we can't completely avoid this situation at the moment, we will add protective code here first.

related check&fix : #47964

false, DefaultMemoryAllocator>, pad_right_ = 16, pad_left_ = 15]: 假设 ‘(n >= (static_cast<ssize_t>(pad_left_) ? -1 : 0)) && (n <= static_cast<ssize_t>(this->size()))’ 失败。
 0# doris::signal::(anonymous namespace)::FailureSignalHandler(int, siginfo_t*, void*) at /mnt/disk2/liyuanyuan/doris_test/3.0/doris/be/src/common/signal_handler.h:421
 1# 0x00007F756FE8BB50 in /lib64/libc.so.6
 2# gsignal in /lib64/libc.so.6
 3# __GI_abort in /lib64/libc.so.6
 4# _nl_load_domain.cold.0 in /lib64/libc.so.6
 5# 0x00007F756FE84426 in /lib64/libc.so.6
 6# doris::vectorized::PODArray<unsigned int, 4096ul, Allocator<false, false, false, DefaultMemoryAllocator>, 16ul, 15ul>::operator[](long) const at /mnt/disk2/liyuanyuan/doris_test/3.0/doris/be/src/vec/common/pod_array.h:365
 7# doris::vectorized::FunctionLikeBase::execute_substring(doris::vectorized::PODArray<unsigned char, 4096ul, Allocator<false, false, false, DefaultMemoryAllocator>, 16ul, 15ul> const&, doris::vectorized::PODArray<unsigned int, 4096ul, Allocator<false, false, false, DefaultMemoryAllocator>, 16ul, 15ul> const&, doris::vectorized::PODArray<unsigned char, 4096ul, Allocator<false, false, false, DefaultMemoryAllocator>, 16ul, 15ul>&, doris::vectorized::LikeSearchState*) const at /mnt/disk2/liyuanyuan/doris_test/3.0/doris/be/src/vec/functions/like.cpp:580
 8# doris::vectorized::FunctionLikeBase::execute_impl(doris::FunctionContext*, doris::vectorized::Block&, std::vector<unsigned long, std::allocator<unsigned long> > const&, unsigned long, unsigned long) const at /mnt/disk2/liyuanyuan/doris_test/3.0/doris/be/src/vec/functions/like.cpp:532
 9# doris::vectorized::DefaultExecutable::execute_impl(doris::FunctionContext*, doris::vectorized::Block&, std::vector<unsigned long, std::allocator<unsigned long> > const&, unsigned long, unsigned long) const at /mnt/disk2/liyuanyuan/doris_test/3.0/doris/be/src/vec/functions/function.h:461
10# doris::vectorized::PreparedFunctionImpl::_execute_skipped_constant_deal(doris::FunctionContext*, doris::vectorized::Block&, std::vector<unsigned long, std::allocator<unsigned long> > const&, unsigned long, unsigned long, bool) const at /mnt/disk2/liyuanyuan/doris_test/3.0/doris/be/src/vec/functions/function.cpp:120

Check List (For Author)

• Test

  • Regression test
  • Unit Test
  • Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
  • No need to test or manual test. Explain why:
    • This is a refactor/code format and no logic has been changed.
    • Previous test can cover this change.
    • No code files have been changed.
    • Other reason

• Behavior changed:

  • No.
  • Yes.

• Does this need documentation?

  • No.
  • Yes.

Check List (For Reviewer who merge this PR)

• Confirm the release note
• Confirm test cases
• Confirm document
• Add branch pick label

[Thearas]

Thank you for your contribution to Apache Doris.
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Please clearly describe your PR:

1. What problem was fixed (it's best to include specific error reporting information). How it was fixed.
2. Which behaviors were modified. What was the previous behavior, what is it now, why was it modified, and what possible impacts might there be.
3. What features were added. Why was this function added?
4. Which code was refactored and why was this part of the code refactored?
5. Which functions were optimized and what is the difference before and after the optimization?

[BiteTheDDDDt]

run buildall

[HappenLee]

LGTM

[github-actions]

PR approved by at least one committer and no changes requested.

[github-actions]

PR approved by anyone and no changes requested.