[FLINK-38766][table] Add support for ALTER MATERIALIZED TABLE ADD support

[snuyanzin]

What is the purpose of the change

Part of FLIP-550
The PR to add support for operations like

-- add single column
ALTER MATERIALIZED TABLE myMaterializedTable ADD c1 AS current_timestamp COMMENT 'new_column docs';

-- add multiple columns, constraint, and watermark
ALTER MATERIALIZED TABLE myMaterializedTable ADD (
     ts AS current_timestamp FIRST,
     col_meta INT METADATA FROM 'mk1' VIRTUAL AFTER col_b,
     PRIMARY KEY (id) NOT ENFORCED,
     WATERMARK FOR ts AS ts - INTERVAL '3' SECOND
);

Brief change log

converters and tests

Verifying this change

there are tests added

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): (no)
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): (no)
• The serializers: (no)
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): (no)
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: (no)
• The S3 file system connector: (no)

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? (yes)
• If yes, how is the feature documented? (JavaDocs, also will be done separately)

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• 7fb015f Azure: SUCCESS

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[raminqaf]

Thanks for the contribution @snuyanzin! Excellent PR, with many improvements and cleanups! Left some nit comments. Should be good for the merge in the next round!

[twalthr]

Thank you @snuyanzin. I added a couple of minor comments to make code a bit more readability and improve error messages. Overall the PR looks great!

[twalthr]

[''] bug?

[snuyanzin]

No, here in SQL there is a table option partition.fields.c.date-formatter referencing column c, however at the same time there is no any partition defined for the materialized table and as a result no available partition columns

[twalthr]

thank you for setting up more test infra!

[raminqaf]

Thanks for the contribution! LGTM!

[twalthr]

Thanks for the update @snuyanzin. I just had some minor comments. Maybe you can address them before merging. But overall the PR looks good to me.