[SPARK-43365][FOLLWUP] Refactor publish workflow based on base image

[Yikun]

What changes were proposed in this pull request?

• This patch changes the build-args to patch in test in build and publish workflow, because the docker official image do not support parameterized FROM values. Add Apache Spark Docker Official Image docker-library/official-images#13089 (comment)
• And also Refactor publish workflow:
  

Why are the changes needed?

Same change with build workflow refactor, to avoid the publish issue like:

#5 [linux/amd64 internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/spark:3.4.0-scala2.12-java11-ubuntu
#5 ERROR: pull access denied, repository does not exist or may require authorization: server message: insufficient_scope: authorization failed
------
 > [linux/amd64 internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/spark:3.4.0-scala2.12-java11-ubuntu:
------
Dockerfile:18
--------------------
  16 |     #
  17 |     ARG BASE_IMAGE=spark:3.4.0-scala2.12-java11-ubuntu
  18 | >>> FROM $BASE_IMAGE
  19 |     
  20 |     RUN set -ex && \
--------------------
ERROR: failed to solve: spark:3.4.0-scala2.12-java11-ubuntu: pull access denied, repository does not exist or may require authorization: server message: insufficient_scope: authorization failed
Error: buildx failed with: ERROR: failed to solve: spark:3.4.0-scala2.12-java11-ubuntu: pull access denied, repository does not exist or may require authorization: server message: insufficient_scope: authorization failed

Does this PR introduce any user-facing change?

No

How was this patch tested?

Publish test in my local fork:

• https://github.com/Yikun/spark-docker/actions/runs/5076986823/jobs/9120029759: Skip the local base build use the published base image:

#3 [linux/amd64 internal] load metadata for ghcr.io/yikun/spark-docker/spark:3.4.0-scala2.12-java11-ubuntu
#3 DONE 0.9s

#4 [linux/arm64 internal] load metadata for ghcr.io/yikun/spark-docker/spark:3.4.0-scala2.12-java11-ubuntu
#4 DONE 0.9s

• CI passed: do local base build first and build base on the local build

[Yikun]

cc @HyukjinKwon @zhengruifeng

[Yikun]

@HyukjinKwon Thanks! my local publish test and ci passed, so merged!