Fixed an extremely rare race-condition during compile

[cmaglie]

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• Tests for the changes have been added (for bug fixes / features)
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• configuration.schema.json updated if new parameters are added.

What kind of change does this PR introduce?

Should fix a memory access panic during saving of compilation database.
This is a tentative fix since the error is so rare that we are unable to reproduce it locally.

What is the current behavior?

This is the reported panic:

  panic: runtime error: invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference [recovered]
  	panic: runtime error: invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference
  [signal SIGSEGV: segmentation violation code=0x1 addr=0x0 pc=0x5c018b]
  
  goroutine 1 [running]:
  encoding/json.(*encodeState).marshal.func1()
  	/usr/local/go/src/encoding/json/encode.go:291 +0x6d
  panic({0xd867c0?, 0x189dbc0?})
  	/usr/local/go/src/runtime/panic.go:914 +0x21f
  encoding/json.appendString[...]({0xc0099d391e?, 0x50?, 0x0?}, {0x0?, 0xc0003cfc80}, 0x1)
  	/usr/local/go/src/encoding/json/encode.go:967 +0xab
  encoding/json.stringEncoder(0xc005bfc300, {0xd2caa0?, 0xc00027c2a0?, 0xe311c0?}, {0x0?, 0x0?})
  	/usr/local/go/src/encoding/json/encode.go:591 +0x3c7
  encoding/json.arrayEncoder.encode({0x18d8d80?}, 0xc005bfc300, {0xd1e8e0?, 0xc005d367b8?, 0x4078dd?}, {0x87?, 0x8?})
  	/usr/local/go/src/encoding/json/encode.go:849 +0xd6
  encoding/json.sliceEncoder.encode({0xc0032ac758?}, 0xc005bfc300, {0xd1e8e0?, 0xc005d367b8?, 0xe311c0?}, {0xc?, 0x0?})
  	/usr/local/go/src/encoding/json/encode.go:822 +0x30f
  encoding/json.structEncoder.encode({{{0xc0099aa6c0, 0x4, 0x4}, 0xc00885bd70, 0xc00885bda0}}, 0xc005bfc300, {0xe311c0?, 0xc005d36798?, 0x418268?}, {0x0, ...})
  	/usr/local/go/src/encoding/json/encode.go:706 +0x21e
  encoding/json.arrayEncoder.encode({0xc0032ac918?}, 0xc005bfc300, {0xd268a0?, 0xc00886e6c0?, 0xc0032ac978?}, {0x25?, 0x2?})
  	/usr/local/go/src/encoding/json/encode.go:849 +0xd6
  encoding/json.sliceEncoder.encode({0xc005adbe00?}, 0xc005bfc300, {0xd268a0?, 0xc00886e6c0?, 0xd268a0?}, {0xe0?, 0xdb?})
  	/usr/local/go/src/encoding/json/encode.go:822 +0x30f
  encoding/json.(*encodeState).reflectValue(0xc0032acb28?, {0xd268a0?, 0xc00886e6c0?, 0x2?}, {0xe0?, 0x4b?})
  	/usr/local/go/src/encoding/json/encode.go:323 +0x73
  encoding/json.(*encodeState).marshal(0x30?, {0xd268a0?, 0xc00886e6c0?}, {0x3?, 0x0?})
  	/usr/local/go/src/encoding/json/encode.go:295 +0xb9
  encoding/json.Marshal({0xd268a0, 0xc00886e6c0})
  	/usr/local/go/src/encoding/json/encode.go:162 +0xd0
  encoding/json.MarshalIndent({0xd268a0?, 0xc00886e6c0?}, {0x0, 0x0}, {0x11dbdf0, 0x1})
  	/usr/local/go/src/encoding/json/encode.go:175 +0x47
  github.com/arduino/arduino-cli/arduino/builder/internal/compilation.(*Database).SaveToFile(0xc005bd8dc0)
  	/home/build/arduino/builder/internal/compilation/database.go:65 +0x4d
  github.com/arduino/arduino-cli/arduino/builder.(*Builder).build(0xc005543c20)
  	/home/build/arduino/builder/builder.go:462 +0x53b
  github.com/arduino/arduino-cli/arduino/builder.(*Builder).Build(0xc005543c20)
  	/home/build/arduino/builder/builder.go:341 +0x10b
  github.com/arduino/arduino-cli/commands/compile.Compile({0x18bb250?, 0x0?}, 0xc0032adbc0, {0x11e02e0, 0xc000010f60}, {0x11e02e0, 0xc000010f78}, 0x0?)
  	/home/build/commands/compile/compile.go:291 +0x2665
  github.com/arduino/arduino-cli/internal/cli/compile.runCompileCommand(0xc00036a300?, {0xc0002a8d80, 0x1, 0xeb0cf8?})
  	/home/build/internal/cli/compile/compile.go:247 +0xd4c
  github.com/spf13/cobra.(*Command).execute(0xc00036a300, {0xc0002a8d00, 0x8, 0x8})
  	/go/pkg/mod/github.com/spf13/cobra@v1.7.0/command.go:944 +0x863
  github.com/spf13/cobra.(*Command).ExecuteC(0xc000004600)
  	/go/pkg/mod/github.com/spf13/cobra@v1.7.0/command.go:1068 +0x3a5
  github.com/spf13/cobra.(*Command).Execute(0x0?)
  	/go/pkg/mod/github.com/spf13/cobra@v1.7.0/command.go:992 +0x13
  main.main()
  	/home/build/main.go:31 +0xda

This issue is ephemeral, re-running the compile usually leads to a successful compile.

What is the new behavior?

Hopefully, it will always compile successfully.

Does this PR introduce a breaking change, and is titled accordingly?

No

Other information

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: 2 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

Comparison is base (47645e9) 68.90% compared to head (3342945) 68.92%.

Files	Patch %	Lines
...l/arduino/builder/internal/compilation/database.go	80.00%	0 Missing and 2 partials ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #2512      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   68.90%   68.92%   +0.02%     
==========================================
  Files         204      204              
  Lines       20448    20452       +4     
==========================================
+ Hits        14089    14096       +7     
+ Misses       5209     5207       -2     
+ Partials     1150     1149       -1     

Flag	Coverage Δ
unit	68.92% <80.00%> (+0.02%)	⬆️

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