Refactor to consolidate async dbt adapter code

[pankajkoti]

This PR addresses the feedback in PR #1474 suggesting to consolidate dbt adapter methods
in the _asynchronous module and additionally avoiding keeping dictionary type maps for adapter
callables.

closes: #1508

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 97.31%. Comparing base (24108f0) to head (d84e9fb).

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #1509   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   97.31%   97.31%           
=======================================
  Files          79       78    -1     
  Lines        4616     4621    +5     
=======================================
+ Hits         4492     4497    +5     
  Misses        124      124           

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