LLM Finetuning Hub

LLM Finetuning Hub contains code and insights to finetune various large language models for your use-case.

We stress-test both open-source and close-source LLMs through our Evaluation Framework to check their applicability for real-life business use-cases. Finetuning LLMs has never been easier.

Evaluation Framework • Getting Started • LLM Roadmap • Benchmarks • Contributing

Evaluation Framework

For a holistic evaluation, we will make use of the Evaluation Framework that contains 4 pillars:

• Performance
• Time to Train
• Cost to Train
• Inferencing

For each of the above four pillars, we are sharing our codebase and insights to:

• Assist you to leverage LLMs for your business needs and challenges
• Decide which LLM suits your needs from a performance and cost perspective
• Boost reproducibility efforts which are becoming increasingly difficult with LLMs

We are providing scripts that are ready-to-use for:

• Finetuning LLMs on your proprietary dataset via PeFT methodologies such as LoRA and Prefix Tuning
• Performing hyperparameter optimization to get the maximum performance out of these models

Getting Started

You can start fine-tuning your choice of LLM in 4 easy steps:

1. Setup conda environment

   wget https://repo.anaconda.com/miniconda/Miniconda3-py38_4.11.0-Linux-x86_64.sh
   bash Miniconda3-py38_4.11.0-Linux-x86_64.sh
   source ~/.bashrc
   conda create --name llm_finetuning python=3.9
   conda activate llm_finetuning

2. Install relevant packages

   git clone https://github.com/georgian-io/LLM-Finetuning-Hub.git
   cd LLM-Finetuning-Hub/
   pip install -r requirements.txt

3. Finetune your LLM of choice

   For instance, to finetune Llama2-7B or Llama2-13B, do the following:

   cd llama2/ # navigate to Llama2 folder
   python llama2_classification.py --lora_r 8 --epochs 5 --dropout 0.1 --pretrained_ckpt NousResearch/Llama-2-7b-hf # finetune Llama2-7B on newsgroup classification dataset
   python llama2_classification_inference.py --experiment <experiment folder> # evaluate finetuned Llama2 7B version
   python llama2_summarization.py --lora_r 8 --epochs 1 --dropout 0.1 --pretrained_ckpt NousResearch/Llama-2-13b-hf # finetune Llama2-13B on samsum chat dataset
   python llama2_summarization_inference.py --experiment <experiment folder> # evaluate finetuned Llama2 13B version

   For instance, to finetune Falcon-7B, do the following:

   cd falcon/ # navigate to Falcon folder
   python falcon_classification.py --lora_r 8 --epochs 5 --dropout 0.1 # finetune Falcon-7B on newsgroup classification dataset
   python falcon_classification_inference.py --experiment <experiment folder> # evaluate finetuned Falcon
   python falcon_summarization.py --lora_r 8 --epochs 1 --dropout 0.1 # finetune Falcon-7B on samsum chat dataset
   python falcon_summarization_inference.py --experiment <experiment folder> # evaluate finetuned Falcon

   For instance, to finetune Flan-T5-Large, do the following:

   cd flan-t5/ # navigate to Flan-T5 folder
   python flan_classification.py --peft_method prefix --prefix_tokens 20 --epochs 5 # finetune Flan-T5 on newsgroup dataset
   python flan_classification_inference.py --experiment <experiment folder> # evaluate finetuned Flan-T5
   python flan_summarization.py --peft_method lora --lora_r 8 --epochs 1 # finetune Flan-T5 on samsum chat dataset
   python flan_summarization_inference.py --experiment <experiment folder> # evalute finetuned Flan-T5

4. Zero-shot and Few-shot your LLM of choice

   For instance, to use Falcon-7B on newsgroup classification task, do the following:

   python falcon_baseline_inference.py --task_type classification --prompt_type zero-shot
   python falcon_baseline_inference.py --task_type classification --prompt_type few-shot

   To use Falcon-7B on samsum summarization task, do the following:

   python falcon_baseline_inference.py --task_type summarization --prompt_type zero-shot
   python falcon_baseline_inference.py --task_type summarization --prompt_type few-shot

NOTE: All of our experiments were conducted on the AWS EC2 instance: g5.2xlarge. It has one 24GB Nvidia GPU, and is sufficient to finetune the LLMs in this repository.

LLM Roadmap

Our plan is to perform these experiments on all the LLMs below. To that end, this is a tentative roadmap of the LLMs that we aim to cover, and their corresponding codebase and README links:

LLM	Benchmarked?	Open-Source?	README	Codebase
Flan-T5	✅	✅	Link	Folder
Falcon	✅	✅	Link	Folder
RedPajama	✅	✅	Link	Folder
Llama-2	✅	✅	Link	Folder
Mistral	✅	✅	Link	Folder
Zephyr	✅	✅	Link	Folder
OpenLlama		✅
SalesForce XGen		✅
Mosaic MPT	✅	✅	Link	Folder
Cerebras		✅
Writer Palmyra	✅	❌	Link	Folder
AI21 Jurassic-2	✅	❌	Link	Folder
OpenAI GPT-3.5	✅	❌	Link	Folder
Cohere Command		❌
Google PaLM		❌
Inflection Pi		❌

Benchmarks

We benchmark LLMs across the tasks of classification and summarization. More precisely, we assess the metrics of finetuned LLMs on classification and summarization tasks. Additionally, we perform cost estimation and load testing comparisons for inference purposes.

Classification: Zero-shot prompting VS Few-shot prompting VS Fine-Tuning

We use the Newsgroup dataset which is a 20-way classification problem. Each document needs to be identified as one of the 20 possible newsgroups. To check how quickly LLMs can learn on small number of samples, we compare them with the likes of BERT and Distilbert. Following table captures how models perform as we increase the number of training samples.

Model	Open-Source?	Zero-shot Accuracy (in %)	Few-shot Accuracy (in %)	Fine-Tuning + QLoRA (in %)
Falcon 7B	✅	1.08	❌	76.37
RedPajama 3B	✅	0.00	❌	72.34
RedPajama 7B	✅	0.00	❌	75.52
Llama2 7B	✅	0.00	❌	75.30
Llama2 13B	✅	0.00	❌	77.93
Mosaic MPT 7B	✅	0.00	❌	0.00
Mistral 7B	✅	0.00	❌	74.36
Zephyr-7B-β	✅	❌	❌	74.90
Palmyra 30B	❌	15.23	❌	❌
Jurassic J2-Light	❌	1.82	❌	❌
Jurassic J2-Mid	❌	22.93	❌	❌
Jurassic J2-Ultra	❌	43.62	❌	❌
OpenAI GPT-3.5-Turbo	❌	60.22	❌	79.41

• Few-shot Accuracy could not be computed since the prompt length is very large and cannot be accommodated in the prompt.
• Palmyra does not have finetuning capabilities.
• Jurassic J2 models' finetuning capabilities on the classification task were not evaluated.

Classification: Sample efficiency VS Accuracy

Model / # samples (fraction)	266 (2.5%)	533 (5%)	1066 (10%)	2666 (25%)	5332 (50%)	10664 (100%)
Distilbert	36.24	46.65	54.15	67.07	72.00	71.91
Bert	16.91	30.75	53.73	68.41	72.46	74.15
Flan-T5-Large	59.86	68.84	73.38	75.45	75.43	72.31
Falcon-7B	61.85	64.02	67.52	70.32	72.42	76.37
RedPajama-3B	55.32	57.49	65.45	67.18	70.58	72.34
RedPajama-7B	58.17	60.31	67.22	69.53	70.96	75.52
Llama2-7B	52.10	54.72	55.97	69.20	69.09	75.30
Llama2-13B	66.23	67.45	71.69	73.50	77.87	77.93
Mosaic MPT-7B	❌	❌	❌	❌	❌	0.0
Mistral-7B	49.30	48.14	58.41	64.89	73.10	74.36
Zephyr-7B-β	46.05	55.66	66.48	66.73	69.54	74.90
Palmyra 30B	❌	❌	❌	❌	❌	❌
Jurassic J2-Light	❌	❌	❌	❌	❌	❌
Jurassic J2-Mid	❌	❌	❌	❌	❌	❌
Jurassic J2-Ultra	❌	❌	❌	❌	❌	❌
OpenAI GPT-3.5-Turbo	73.81	56.17	47.32	49.15	78.84	79.41

• Palmyra does not have finetuning capabilities.
• Jurassic J2 models' finetuning capabilities on the classification task were not evaluated.

Summarization: Zero-shot prompting VS Few-shot prompting VS Fine-Tuning

We use the samsum dataset which contains chat conversations and their summarized versions. The task here is for LLMs to learn how best to summarize conversations by learning from pairs of conversations and corresponding summaries. Following table captures how LLMs perform on this task.

• ZS = Zero-shot
• FS = Few-shot
• FT = Fine-Tuning

Model	ZS Rouge-1	ZS Rouge-2	FS Rouge-1	FS Rouge-2	FT Rouge-1	FT Rouge-2
Flan-T5-Base Full FT	❌	❌	❌	❌	47.23	21.01
Flan-T5-Large	❌	❌	❌	❌	49.21	23.39
Falcon-7B	32.21	10.08	34.12	11.9	52.18	27.84
RedPajama-3B	30.09	10.48	29.16	10.05	47.75	23.53
RedPajama-7B	30.85	11.30	23.22	8.24	49.96	25.94
Llama2-7B	30.06	8.61	35.57	14.23	51.71	26.86
Llama2-13B	11.02	3.38	22.50	9.25	52.97	28.32
Mosaic MPT-7B	32.86	10.41	34.71	12.26	23.5	9.67
Mistral Base-7B	32.77	10.64	38.87	16.71	53.61	29.28
Zephyr-7B-β .	33.93	11.21	35.99	12.97	52.84	27.75
Writer Palmyra 30B	33.68	12.18	39.28	16.19	❌	❌
Jurassic J2-Light	38.21	14.78	40.73	17.09	44.69	20.15
Jurassic J2-Mid	39.11	15.59	43.39	18.34	48.38	23.90
Jurassic J2-Ultra	41.63	17.27	45.31	19.27	❌	❌
OpenAI GPT-3.5-Turbo	36.41	13.31	39.08	15.83	55.91	31.88

Cost estimation and load testing

We deployed the models mentioned above on two servers: FastApi and the HuggingFace Text Generation Inference server. The goal was to compare the cost and latency between our custom server, developed using FastApi, and the inference server (TGI), which comes with many built-in optimizations.

All servers were run and received inference requests on an AWS g5.4xlarge instance with Nvidia GPU A10. For load testing, we utilized Vegeta to see how the system copes with a high volume of requests. Our objective was to identify the maximum RPS each model could manage, along with throughput, latency, and cost per 1,000 tokens. We created a set of sample sentences, each about ~100 tokens long, to generate the requests. During the load testing, a random sentence was chosen for each request, ensuring consistent testing results. This method allowed us to identify the typical RPS range each model and service could handle for various tasks.

Below, two tables summarize our observations for all the models, tasks, and most used deployment options explored in this repository (we also tried LLama on Nvidia A100 using the Ray server; more details can be found here). Generally, the TGI server is more cost-effective than the custom server and simpler to set up. It provided better RPS, throughput, and lower latency. A different inference server, vLLm, can offer even higher maximum RPS compared to TGI (you can find more details about our load testing experiments with it for LLama-2 here). Last thing to mention is that models designed for classification are slower than those for summarization. Aslo, the model's size (number of training parameters) doesn't significantly impact its performance.

Text Generation Inference

	Classification						Summarization
Model	Flan-T5 Large	Falcon-7B	RP-3B	RP-7B	LLama2-7B	LLama2-13B	Flan-T5 Large	Falcon-7B	RP-3B	RP-7B	LLama2-7B	LLama-2-13B
Inference cost (per 1K tokens)	$0.00001	$0.00005	$0.00003	$0.00003	$0.00003	$0.00003	$0.00001	$0.00004	$0.00001	$0.00002	$0.00002	$0.00002
RPS	145	125	135	125	125	125	120	145	195	145	135	125
Throughput	78.5	30.3	57.3	26.13	19.81	9.60	45.5	53.8	96.06	41.5	36.10	22.16
Latency 90% (seconds)	1.5	2.7	1.44	3.98	4.8	12.04	2.03	1.82	0.7139	2.5	2.6	5.15

FastApi

	Classification						Summarization
Model	Flan-T5 Large	Falcon-7B	RP-3B	RP-7B	LLama2-7B	LLama2-13B	Flan-T5 Large	Falcon-7B	RP-3B	RP-7B	LLama2-7B	LLama2-13B
Inference cost (per 1K tokens)	$0.00001	-	$0.001	$0.001	$0.001	$0.001	$0.00007	-	$0.00002	$0.00002	$0.00003	$0.0003
RPS	180	-	4	4	4	4	30	-	160	160	100	10
Throughput	5.84	-	0.15	0.14	0.11	0.14	1.5	-	5.46	5.27	3.43	1.73
Latency 90% (seconds)	28.01	-	26.4	28.1	27.3	27.9	18.27	-	28.4	29.527	28.1	5.1

In conclusion, the TGI server offers a more cost-efficient and streamlined approach compared to custom servers, delivering superior performance metrics. While classification models tend to be slower, the size of the model, in terms of training parameters, doesn't notably affect its efficiency. Choosing the right server and model type is crucial for optimizing cost and latency.

Contributing

If you would like to contribute to this project, we recommend following the "fork-and-pull" Git workflow.

1. Fork the repo on GitHub
2. Clone the project to your own machine
3. Commit changes to your own branch
4. Push your work back up to your fork
5. Submit a Pull request so that we can review your changes

NOTE: Be sure to merge the latest from "upstream" before making a pull request!

Correspondence

If you have any questions, please reach out to:

• Rohit Saha (Email | LinkedIn)
• Kyryl Truskovskyi (Email | LinkedIn)
• Maria Ponomarenko (Email | LinkedIn)