🚨 adapt for Qiskit 0.46.0

[burgholzer]

Description

This PR updates the project to work with the latest Qiskit version. In turn, and in preparation for the 1.0 release of Qiskit, it adapts the project to the expected removals already. While this raises the minimum supported Qiskit version to 0.46.0, it should make switching to 1.0 as easy as possible.

Checklist:

• The pull request only contains commits that are related to it.
• I have added appropriate tests and documentation.
• I have made sure that all CI jobs on GitHub pass.
• The pull request introduces no new warnings and follows the project's style guidelines.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: 1 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

Comparison is base (414accd) 92.8% compared to head (ab0a6e8) 92.7%.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##            main    #422     +/-   ##
=======================================
- Coverage   92.8%   92.7%   -0.1%     
=======================================
  Files         48      48             
  Lines       5364    5340     -24     
  Branches     911     911             
=======================================
- Hits        4979    4952     -27     
- Misses       385     388      +3     

Flag	Coverage Δ		*Carryforward flag
cpp	92.5% <ø> (ø)		Carriedforward from d382e64
python	94.4% <85.7%> (-1.0%)	⬇️

*This pull request uses carry forward flags. Click here to find out more.

Files	Coverage Δ
src/mqt/qmap/load_calibration.py	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
src/mqt/qmap/subarchitectures.py	95.5% <100.0%> (-0.9%)	⬇️
src/mqt/qmap/qiskit/backend.py	92.1% <50.0%> (-4.7%)	⬇️