sql: Display inherited constraints in SHOW PARTITIONS

SHOW PARTITIONS now displays the inherited zone configuration of the
partitions in a separate column. To accomplish this, the
crdb_internal.zones table now holds on to the inherited constraints of
each zone in a separate column. Additionally, the
crdb_internal.partitions table holds on to the zone_id and subzone_id of
the zone configuration the partition refers to. These id's correspond to
the zone configuration at the lowest point in that partitions
"inheritance chain".

Release justification: Adds a low risk, good to have UX feature.

Fixes #40349.

Release note (sql change):
* SHOW PARTITIONS now displays inherited zone configurations.
* Adds the zone_id, subzone_id columns to crdb_internal.partitions,
which form a link to the corresponding zone config in
crdb_internal.zones which apply to the partitions.
* Rename the config_yaml, config_sql and config_proto columns in
crdb_internal.zones to raw_config_yaml, raw_config_sql,
raw_config_proto.
* Add the columns full_config_sql and full_config_yaml to the
crdb_internal.zones table which display the full/inherited zone
configuration.

pkg/base/zone.go

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// Copyright 2019 The Cockroach Authors.
+//
+// Use of this software is governed by the Business Source License
+// included in the file licenses/BSL.txt.
+//
+// As of the Change Date specified in that file, in accordance with
+// the Business Source License, use of this software will be governed
+// by the Apache License, Version 2.0, included in the file
+// licenses/APL.txt.
+
+package base
+
+// SubzoneID represents a subzone within a zone. It's the subzone's index within
+// the parent zone + 1; there's no subzone 0 so that 0 can be used as a
+// sentinel.
+type SubzoneID uint32
+
+// SubzoneIDFromIndex turns a subzone's index within its parent zone into its
+// SubzoneID.
+func SubzoneIDFromIndex(idx int) SubzoneID {
+	return SubzoneID(idx + 1)
+}

pkg/ccl/logictestccl/testdata/logic_test/crdb_internal

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 # LogicTest: local
 
-query IITTITTT colnames
+query IITTITTTII colnames
 SELECT * FROM crdb_internal.partitions
 ----
-table_id  index_id  parent_name  name  columns column_names list_value range_value
+table_id  index_id  parent_name  name  columns column_names list_value range_value zone_id subzone_id
 
 statement ok
 CREATE TABLE t1 (
@@ -33,16 +33,18 @@ CREATE table t2 (a STRING PRIMARY KEY) PARTITION BY LIST (a) (
   PARTITION pfoo VALUES IN ('foo')
 )
 
-query IITTITTT
+# Since there are no zone configurations on any of these partitions, tables,
+# or databases, these partitions inherit directly from the default config.
+query IITTITTTII
 SELECT * FROM crdb_internal.partitions ORDER BY table_id, index_id, name
 ----
-53  1  NULL   p12      1  a    (1), (2)   NULL
-53  1  p12    p12p3    1  b    (3)        NULL
-53  1  p12p3  p12p3p8  1  c    (8)        NULL
-53  1  NULL   p6       1  a    (6)        NULL
-53  1  p6     p6p7     1  b    NULL       (MINVALUE) TO (7)
-53  1  p6     p6p8     1  b    NULL       (7) TO (8)
-53  1  p6     p6px     1  b    NULL       (8) TO (MAXVALUE)
-53  1  p12    pd       1  b    (DEFAULT)  NULL
-53  2  NULL   p00      2  a, b (0, 0)     NULL
-54  1  NULL   pfoo     1  a    ('foo')    NULL
+53  1  NULL  p12  1  a  (1), (2)  NULL 0 0
+53  1  p12  p12p3  1  b  (3)  NULL 0 0
+53  1  p12p3  p12p3p8  1  c  (8)  NULL 0 0
+53  1  NULL  p6  1  a  (6)  NULL 0 0
+53  1  p6  p6p7  1  b  NULL  (MINVALUE) TO (7) 0 0
+53  1  p6  p6p8  1  b  NULL  (7) TO (8) 0 0
+53  1  p6  p6px  1  b  NULL  (8) TO (MAXVALUE) 0 0
+53  1  p12  pd  1  b  (DEFAULT)  NULL 0 0
+53  2  NULL  p00  2  a, b  (0, 0)  NULL 0 0
+54  1  NULL  pfoo  1  a  ('foo')  NULL 0 0