Lambda Expressions

Overview

Java 8 lambda expressions help eliminate boilerplate code that makes the syntax verbose and less clear. For instance, even basic click listeners syntax can be simplified:

myButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
                    @Override
                    public void onClick(View v) {
                        Log.d("debug", "Button clicked");
                    }
                });

Lambda expressions can be used to simplify the syntax, especially in cases where event listeners that only have one method that need to be implemented:

myButton.setOnClickListener(v -> {
            Log.d("debug", "Button clicked");
});

Lambda expressions are especially helpful in RxJava as well. Take a look at the code below for creating an Observable and subscribing an Observer to it.

Creating and subscribing to an observable without lambdas:

Observable.just("1", "2", "3")
          .subscribe(new Subscriber<String>() {
                         @Override
                         public void onCompleted() {
                            Log.d("debug", "complete");
                         }

                         @Override
                         public void onError(Throwable throwable) {
                            Log.d("debug", throwable.getMessage());
                         }

                         @Override
                         public void onNext(String s) {
                            Log.d("debug", s);
                         }
                     });

Consider the same code with lambda expressions:

Observable.just("1", "2", "3")
          .subscribe(
          value -> Log.d("debug", value),
          throwable -> Log.d("debug", throwable.getMessage()),
          () -> Log.d("debug", "complete"));

Lambda expressions rely on type inference to fill in the blanks. Notice that the right-hand side of the arrow does not require a return statement if you do not surround the block with { and }. Also notice that a function with zero or multiple arguments need parenthesis enclosing them.

You can look to the left of Android Studio to see how it is inferring which type to use:

Setup

Make sure you have JDK 8 installed or higher. Click here in case you need to download it. If you are using a continuous integration service, you should also make sure to be specifying a JDK 8 environment.

To use Java 8 lambda expressions in your Android code, you can either use the Gradle Retrolambda plugin developed by Evan Tatarka or use the new Android Jack toolchain.

Retrolambda Setup

• Open the root build.gradle file and add the following dependency:

buildscript {
  dependencies {
    classpath 'me.tatarka:gradle-retrolambda:3.2.5'
  }
}

• Modify the app module build.gradle file to apply the me.tatarka.retrolambda plugin:

apply plugin: 'com.android.application'

apply plugin: 'me.tatarka.retrolambda' // make sure to apply last!

Make sure to specify the plug-in last, especially after the android-apt plug-in according to this article.

• Add a new compileOptions block, then sourceCompatibility and targetCompatibility Java version should be set as 1.8

compileOptions {
    sourceCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
    targetCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
}

• If you have multiple Java versions installed, set the Java 8 JDK path in retrolambda block:

retrolambda {
    jdk '/path/to/java-8/jdk'
}

Limitations

• Using the Android lint detector will trigger a java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException: Unknown ASTNode child: LambdaExpression. To get around this issue, you need to add this third-party package that replaces the parsing engine for Java to support lamda expressions:

buildscript {
  dependencies {
     classpath 'me.tatarka.retrolambda.projectlombok:lombok.ast:0.2.3.a2'
  }
}

• If you intend to use Retrolambda with ProGuard, make sure to add this line to your configuration.

-dontwarn java.lang.invoke.*

Using Jack Toolchain

Android provided a way to use some Java 8 language features including lambda expressions in your Android project by enabling the Jack toolchain. To do this, edit your module level build.gradle file as follows:

android {
  ...
  defaultConfig {
    ...
    jackOptions {
      enabled true
    }
  }
  compileOptions {
    sourceCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
    targetCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
  }
}

Sync your gradle file, if you encounter any build error, you may need to download the latest Android SDK Build-tools from the SDK Manager.

Known issues with using the Jack toolchain

• Android Studio Instant Run does not currently work with Jack and will be disabled while using the new toolchain.

• Because Jack does not generate intermediate class files when compiling an app, tools that depend on these files for example, lint detectors, do not currently work with Jack.

• Tools like android-apt which is required for using Dagger 2 in your Android project do not currently work with Jack.

Attribution

This guide was originally drafted by Adegeye Mayowa

References

• https://www.captechconsulting.com/blogs/getting-started-with-rxjava-and-android