Fix various build issues with Visual Studio 2017 (15.5.3)

[jslee02]

This PR enables back the build tests of DART on Windows with Visual Studio 2017 (15.5.3).

Summary of changes:

• Use vcpkg for dependency installation (resolves Consider using package manager on Windows #260)
• Increase the minimum required CMake version (to 3.8.0) and Visual Studio version (to 2017 (15.5.3))
• Use /permissive- option (resolves Build on Windows with Visual Studio 2017 (Clang toolchain) #753)
• Disable many warnings; these warning will be addressed eventually

Caveat

• Unit tests are not run by AppVeyor CI yet because custom CMake targets are not shown in Visual Studio (building unit tests are tied to a custom target (i.e., tests)). [This post] says this is fixed in the latest VS preview, but it didn't work for me.
• ipopt is not installed because it's not supported by vcpkg yet. (Add ipopt  microsoft/vcpkg#233)
• osg is not installed because gdal, which is one of the osg dependencies, is not built by vcpkg. ([gdal 2.2.2] Fails to build in x86-windows microsoft/vcpkg#2551)

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Before creating a pull request

• Document new methods and classes

Before merging a pull request

• Set version target by selecting a milestone on the right side
• Summarize this change in CHANGELOG.md
• Add unit test(s) for this change (N/A)

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #956 into release-6.4 will increase coverage by <.01%.
The diff coverage is 46.15%.

@@               Coverage Diff               @@
##           release-6.4     #956      +/-   ##
===============================================
+ Coverage        56.87%   56.87%   +<.01%     
===============================================
  Files              310      310              
  Lines            23879    23883       +4     
===============================================
+ Hits             13580    13584       +4     
  Misses           10299    10299

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
dart/common/Resource.hpp	100% <ø> (ø)	⬆️
dart/collision/CollisionDetector.hpp	100% <ø> (ø)	⬆️
dart/math/Geometry.hpp	71.42% <ø> (ø)	⬆️
dart/common/SharedLibrary.cpp	62.06% <ø> (ø)	⬆️
dart/dynamics/ArrowShape.cpp	0% <0%> (ø)	⬆️
dart/math/Geometry.cpp	52.48% <0%> (ø)	⬆️
dart/collision/fcl/FCLCollisionDetector.cpp	83.42% <100%> (ø)	⬆️
dart/collision/CollisionDetector.cpp	92.15% <100%> (+0.66%)	⬆️